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Posted by napolux 19 hours ago

The next two years of software engineering(addyosmani.com)
205 points | 199 commentspage 2
ch4s3 15 hours ago|
> junior developer employment drops by about 9-10% within six quarters, while senior employment barely budges. Big tech hired 50% fewer fresh graduates over the past three years.

This study showing 9-10% drop is odd[1] and I'm not sure about their identification critria.

> We identify GenAI adoption by detecting job postings that explicitly seek workers to implement or integrate GenAI technologies into firm workflows.

Based on that MIT study it seems like 90+% of these projects fail. So we could easily be seeing an effect where firms posting these GenAI roles are burning money on the projects in a way that displaces investment in headcount.

The point about "BigTech" hiring 50% fewer grads is almost orthogonal. All of these companies are shifting hiring towards things where new grads are unlikely to add value, building data centers and frontier work.

Moreover the TCJA of 2017 caused software developers to not count for R&D tax write offs (I'm oversimplifying) starting in 2022. This surely has more of an effect than whatever "GenAI integrator roles" postings correlates to.

[1] https://download.ssrn.com/2025/11/6/5425555.pdf

wefzyn 13 hours ago||
AI became very popular suddenly. This is something that wasn't in anyone's budget. I believe cost savings from hiring freezes and layoffs are to pay for AI projects and infrastructure.
ch4s3 13 hours ago||
Right so you shift budget away from other things. The “study” looked at ai integration job listings. You have to budget those.
garbawarb 14 hours ago||
Hiring was booming until about 2020 though.
ch4s3 14 hours ago||
The TCJA change (of 2017) went into effect in 2022, I should have been more clear.
garbawarb 13 hours ago||
I didn't know that but that makes perfect sense. A lot of layoffs and outsourcing coincided with that. Are there any signs it'll be reintroduced?
ch4s3 13 hours ago||
It was late last year.
Havoc 3 hours ago||
One of the better analysis of this question I think.

On the optimistic take side - I suspect it might end up being true that software might be infused into more niches but not sure it follows that this helps on the jobs market side. Or put different demand for software and SWE might decouple somewhat for much of that additional software demand.

slfnflctd 3 hours ago|
I'm mostly convinced at this point that the jobs market will only be affected temporarily.

This is really just another form of automation, speeding things up. We can now make more customized software more quickly and cheaply. The market is already realizing that fact, and demand for more performant, bespoke software at lower costs/prices is increasing.

Those who are good at understanding the primary areas of concern in software design generally, and who can communicate well, will continue to be very much in demand.

austin-cheney 18 hours ago||
I have been telling people that, titles aside, senior developers were the people not afraid to write original code. I don’t see LLMs changing this. I only envision people wishing LLMs would change this.
CSSer 17 hours ago||
I almost think what a lot of people are coming to grips is with is how much code is unoriginal. The ones who've adjusted the fastest were humble to begin with. I don't want to claim the title, but I can certainly claim the imposter syndrome! If anything, LLMs validated something I always suspected. The amount of truly unique, relevant to success, code in a given project is often very small. More often than not, it's not grouped together either. Most of the time it's tailored to a given functionality. For example, a perfectly accurate Haversine distance is slower than an optimized one with tradeoffs. LLMs have not yet become adept at housing the ability to identify the need for those tradeoffs in context well or consistently, so you end up with generic code that works but not great. Can the LLM adjust if you explicitly instruct it to? Sure, sometimes! Sometimes it catches it in a thought loop too. Other times you have to roll up your sleeves and do the work like you said, which often still involves traditional research or thinking.
HarHarVeryFunny 17 hours ago||
I disagree.

1) Senior developers are more likely to know how to approach a variety of tasks, including complex ones, in ways that work, and are more likely to (maybe almost subconsciously) stick to these proven design patterns rather than reinvent the wheel in some novel way. Even if the task itself is somewhat novel, they will break it down in familar ways into familar subtasks/patterns. For sure if a task does require some thinking outside the box, or a novel approach, then the senior developer might have better intuition on what to consider.

The major caveat to this is that I'm an old school developer, who started professionally in the early 80's, a time when you basically had to invent everything from scratch, so certainly there is no mental block to having to do so, and I'm aware there is at least a generation of developers that grew up with stack overflow and have much more of a mindset of building stuff using cut an paste, and less having to sit down and write much complex/novel code themselves.

2) I think the real distinction of senior vs junior programmers, that will carry over into the AI era, is that senior developers have had enough experience, at increasing levels of complexity, that they know how to architect and work on large complex projects where a more junior developer will flounder. In the AI coding world, at least for time being, until something closer to AGI is achieved (could be 10-20 years away), you still need to be able to plan and architect the project if you want to achieve a result where the outcome isn't just some random "I let the AI choose everything" experiment.

austin-cheney 16 hours ago|||
I completely agree with your second point. For your first point my experience tells me the people least afraid to write original code are the people least oppositional to reinventing wheels.

The distinguishing behavior is not about the quantity of effort involved but the total cost after consideration of dependency management, maintenance time, and execution time. The people that reinvent wheels do so because they want to learn and they also want to do less work on the same effort in the future.

BoiledCabbage 16 hours ago|||
> in the early 80's, a time when you basically had to invent everything from scratch, so certainly there is no mental block to having to do so, and I'm aware there is at least a generation of developers that grew up with stack overflow and have much more of a mindset of building stuff using cut an paste, and less having to sit down and write much complex/novel code themselves.

I think this is really underappreciated and was big in driving how a lot of people felt about LLMs. I found it even more notable on a site named Hacker News. There is an older generation for whom computing was new. 80s through 90s probably being the prime of that era (for people still in the industry). There constantly was a new platform, language, technology, concept to learn. And nobody knew any best practices, nobody knew how anything "should work". Nobody knew what anything was capable of. It was all trying things, figuring them out. It was way more trailblazing / exploring new territory. The birth of the internet being one of the last examples of this from that era.

The past 10-15 years of software development have been the opposite. Just about everything was evolutionary, rarely revolutionary. Optimizing things for scale, improving libraries, or porting successful ideas from one domain to another. A lot of shifting around deck chairs on things that were fundamentally the same. Just about every new "advance" in front-end technology was this. Something hailed as ground breaking really took little exploration, mostly solution space optimization. There was almost always a clear path. Someone always had an answer on stack overflow - you never were "on your own". A generation+ grew up in that environment and it felt normal to them.

LLMs came about and completely broke that. And people who remembered when tech was new and had potential and nobody knew how to use it loved that. Here is a new alien technology and I get to figure out what makes it tick, how it works how to use it. And on the flip side people who were used to there being a happy path, or a manual to tell you when you were doing it wrong got really frustrated as their being no direction - feeling perpetually lost and it not working the way they wanted.

I found it especially ironic being on hacker news how few people seemed to have a hacker mindset when it came to LLMs. So much was, "I tried something it didn't work so I gave up". Or "I just kept telling it to work and it didn't so I gave up". Explore, pretend you're in a sci-fi movie. Does it work better on Wednesdays? Does it work better if you stand on your head? Does it work differently if you speak pig-latin? Think side-ways. What behavior can you find about it that makes you go "hmm, that's interesting...".

Now I think there has been a shift very recently of people getting more comfortable with the tech - but still was surprised of how little of a hacker mindset I saw on hacker news when it came to LLMs.

LLMs have reset the playing field from well manicured lawn, to an unexplored wilderness. Figure out the new territory.

Terr_ 15 hours ago|||
To me, the "hacker" distinction is not about novelty, but understanding.

Bashing kludgy things together until they work was always part of the job, but that wasn't the motivational payoff. Even if the result was crappy, knowing why it was crappy and how it could've been better was key.

LLMs promise an unremitting drudgery of the "mess around until it works" part, facing problems that don't really have a cause (except in a stochastic sense) and which can't be reliably fixed and prevented going forward.

The social/managerial stuff that may emerge around "good enough" and velocity is a whole 'nother layer.

layer8 13 hours ago||||
No, the negative feelings about LLMs are not because they are new territory, it’s because they lack the predictability and determinism that draw many people to computers. Case in point, you can’t really cleverly “hack” LLMs. It’s more a roll of the dice that you try to affect using hit-or-miss incantations.
bossyTeacher 9 hours ago||
>the negative feelings about LLMs are not because they are new territory, it’s because they lack the predictability and determinism that draw many people to computers

Louder for those turned deaf by LLM hype. Vibe coders want to turn a field of applied math into dice casting.

hooverd 11 hours ago||||
an unexplored wilderness that you pour casino chips into (unless you're doing local model stuff yea yea)
bossyTeacher 9 hours ago|||
>I found it especially ironic being on hacker news how few people seemed to have a hacker mindset when it came to LLMs

You keep using the word "LLMs" as if Opus 4.x came out in 2022. The first iterations of transformers were awful. Gpt-2 was more of a toy and Gpt-3 was an eyebrow-raising chatbot. It has taken years of innovations to reach the point of usable stuff without constant hallucinations. So don't fault devs for the flaws of early LLMs

tigrezno 8 hours ago||
The next two years of software engineering will be the last two years of software engineering (probably).
izacus 1 hour ago||
What are you willing to bet on that prediction? Your car? Your home?

Talk is cheap, let's see the money :D

amelius 7 hours ago|||
I don't see the market flooded yet with software that was "so easy to build using LLMs".

Last year was, as it seems, just a normal year in terms of global software output.

steve1977 6 hours ago|||
If anything, looking at for example what Microsoft has been releasing, it's been a year below average (in terms of quality).
falloutx 6 hours ago||||
You are not looking at right places. Github repo counts have been high since 2020 because there are companies & individuals who run fork scripts. So AI cant match the numbers.

But on product hunt, the amount of projects is First week of Jan: 5000+, Entire Jan 2018: 4000 approx.

amrocha 4 hours ago||
That doesn’t mean industry output is high, it means people are starting new products.

Has the output of existing companies/products increased substantially?

Have more products proven successful and started companies?

hard to say but maybe a little

falloutx 2 hours ago||
>Has the output of existing companies/products increased substantially?

Would be impossible to tell.

amrocha 27 minutes ago||
No, it would be pretty easy if it looked like new features were shipping significantly faster. But they’re not.
cmpxchg8b 6 hours ago|||
This is such a stupid argument. A very significant amount of code never makes it into the public sphere. None of the code I've written professionally in the last 26 years is publicly accessible, and if someone uses a product I've written they likely don't care if it was written with the aid of an LLM or not.

Not to mention agent capabilities at the end of last year were vastly different to those at the start of the year.

amelius 6 hours ago||
Even if a portion of software is not released to the general public, you'd still expect an increase in the amount of software released to the general public.

Even if LLMs became better during the year, you'd still expect an increase in releases.

kubb 8 hours ago||
Please don’t get my hopes up. Adaptable people like me will outcompete hard in the post-engineering world. Alas, I don’t believe it’s coming. The tech just doesn’t seem to have what it takes to do the job.
falloutx 6 hours ago||
Some related fields will be gone too. And the jobs which will remain will be impossible to get.
menaerus 5 hours ago|||
> And the jobs which will remain will be impossible to get.

Exactly my thoughts lately ... Even by yesterday's standards it was already very difficult to land a job and, by tomorrow's standards, it appears as if only the very best of the best will be able to keep their jobs and the ones in a position of decision making power.

athrowaway3z 7 hours ago||
I've been saying for a decade that one of the fundamental issues with SWE in the average company, is that management does not seem to understand that SWE is a management level job. Its not an assembly line worker. It requires reorganizing, streamlining, stake-holders, etc - in code and data - which directly affect people much the same that any other management role has. There are just fewer issues with HR and more with CDNs or CVEs.

> A CEO of a low-code platform articulated this vision: in an “agentic” development environment, engineers become “composers,”

I see we'll be twisting words around to keep avoiding the comparison.

megamix 7 hours ago||
The most important question is who will get paid the most? I don't think the future of software engineering will be attractive if all you do is more work for same or even less pay. A second danger is too much reliance on AI tools will centralise knowledge and THAT is the scariest thing. Software systems will need to perform for a long time, having juniors on board and people who understand software architecture will be massively important. Or will all software crash when this generation retires?
jpadkins 1 hour ago||
the people who start successful new companies will get paid the most.
falloutx 7 hours ago||
The people who don't lose their jobs will also not be in a great spot, there wont be a guarantee that they will never lose their jobs, they will continue to live on the wobbly and uncertain foundation, will get fired for first no they say to the management. If software engineering falls, all the related industries will fall too, thus creating a domino effect, that none of the execs can imagine right now.
menaerus 5 hours ago|||
I really do wonder what sort of economy change is coming to us because companies will hypothetically need to hire less people to sustain the equal output of today. They can do that basically today so not even hypothetically anymore, it just needs some time to take off.

The question IMO is, who will be creating the demand on the other side for all of these goods produced if so many people will be left without the jobs? UBI, redistribution of wealth through taxes? I'm not so convinced about that ...

Ray20 4 hours ago|||
> The question IMO is, who will be creating the demand on the other side for all of these goods produced if so many people will be left without the jobs?

There is no reason why people will left without jobs. Ultimately, "job" is simply a superstructure for satisfying people's needs. As long as people have needs and the ability to satisfy them, there will be jobs in the market. AI change nothing in those aspects.

menaerus 1 hour ago||
I think it very much does. Those exact needs so far have been fulfilled by N people jobs. Today those same needs are going to be fulfilled by N-M people jobs. For your hypothesis to work, human, or shall I say better, market needs to scale such that M people left redundant will be needed to cover that new gap. The thing is that I am not so sure about the "scaling" part. Not to mention that people's skills also need to scale such so that they can deliver the value for scaling the market. Skills that we had until yesterday are slowly started to begin a thing of a past so I am wondering what type of skills people will need in order to get those "new" jobs? I would genuinely like to hear the opinion because I am not really positive that the market will self-adjust itself such that the economy will remain the same.
falloutx 5 hours ago|||
UBI is just a pipe dream. The rich are clutching their pearls even harder.
menaerus 5 hours ago||
I think so too.
hoss1474489 6 hours ago|||
> there wont be a guarantee that they will never lose their jobs, they will continue to live on the wobbly and uncertain foundation

The people who lose their jobs prove this was always the case. No job comes with a guarantee, even ones that say or imply they do. Folks who believe their job is guaranteed to be there tomorrow are deceiving themselves.

burnermore 9 hours ago||
Something very odd about the tone of this article. Is it mostly AI written? There is a lot of references and info. But I am feeling far more disconnected with it.

For the record, I was genuinely trying to read it properly. But it is becoming unbearable by mid article.

nerdsniper 9 hours ago||
Yes, lots of AI style/writing in this article. I wouldn't necessarily discredit an article just based on stylization if the content was worth engaging with ... but like you mentioned, when the AI is given too much creative control it goes off the rails by the middle and turns into what the kids call "AI slop".

It resembles an article, it has the right ingredients (words), but they aren't combined and cooked into any kind of recognizable food.

burnermore 8 hours ago||
Thanks a lot for taking the time to confirm. Not hating on AI slop or something. But I do genuinely feel if he/she/they tried to invest time in writing it, people would consume and enjoy it better.

Its hard to put my finger on it. But it lacks soul, it factor or whatever you want to call it. Feels empty in a way.

I mean, this is not the first AI assisted article am reading. But usually, it's to a negligible level. Maybe it's just me. :)

gofreddygo 6 hours ago||
100% has that AI slop smell.

intro... Problem... (The Bottom line... What to do about it...) Looped over and over. and then Finally...

I want to read it, but I can't get myself to.

burnermore 3 hours ago||
Understandable. I usually only recognise AI assist cos someone in the comment section points it out. But the off putting tone of this was blatantly obvious. This is by far the most AI influenced article I have read yet.
Eong 15 hours ago||
Love the article, I had a struggle with my new identity and thus had to write https://edtw.in/high-agency-engineering/ for myself, but also came to the realisation that the industry is shifting too especially for junior engineers.

Curious about how the Specialist vs Generalist theme plays out, who is going to feel it more *first* when AI gets better over time?

mellosouls 18 hours ago||
On the junior developer question:

A humble way for devs to look at this, is that in the new LLM era we are all juniors now.

A new entrant with a good attitude, curiosity and interest in learning the traditional "meta" of coding (version control, specs, testing etc) and a cutting-edge, first-rate grasp of using LLMs to assist their craft (as recommended in the article) will likely be more useful in a couple of years than a "senior" dragging their heels or dismissing LLMs as hype.

We aren't in coding Kansas anymore, junior and senior will not be so easily mapped to legacy development roles.

snovv_crash 7 hours ago|
Sorry but no. Software engineering is too high dimensional such that there is no rulebook for doing it the way there is for building a bridge. You need to develop taste, much like high level Go players do. This is even more critical as LLMs start to spit out code at an ever higher rate allowing entropy to accumulate much faster and letting unskilled people paint themselves into corners.

I think of it a bit like ebike speed limits. Previously to go above 25mph on a 2-wheeled transport you needed a lot of time training on a bicycle, which gave you the skills, or you needed your motorcycle licence, which required you to pass a test. Now people can jump straight on a Surron and hare off at 40mph with no handling skills and no license. Of course this leads to more accidents.

Not to say LLMs can't solve this eventually, RL approaches look very strong and maybe some kind of self-play can be introduced like AlphaZero. But we aren't there yet, that's for sure.

mellosouls 1 hour ago||
I don't think that conflicts with what I said but perhaps counters with something I didn't; your ebike analogy implies a recklessness that the junior with the attributes I mentioned will be averse to. Conversely the senior with the full grasp of LLMs and the "taste" and judgement will naturally be ahead.

But the comparison I made was between the junior with a good attitude and expert grasp on LLMs, and the stick-in-the-mud/disinterested "senior". Those are where the senior and junior roles will be more ambiguous in demarcation as time moves forward.

zqna 9 hours ago|
My question: are those people who were building crappy, brittle software, which was full of bugs and and orher suboptimal behavior, that were the main reasons of slowing down the evolution that software, will they now begin writing better software because of AI? Answering yes, implies that the main reason of those problems was that those developers didn't have enough time to spend on analyzing those problems or to build protection harnesses. I would stronly argue that was not the case, as the main reason is of intelectual and personal nature - inability to build abstractions, to follow up the route causes (thus not aquiring necessary knowledge), or to avoid being distracted by some new toy. In 2-5 years I expect the industry going into panic mode, as there will be a shortage of people who could maintain the drivel that is now being created en masse. The future is bright for those with the brains, just need to wait this out
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