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Posted by petethomas 17 hours ago

Why software stocks are getting pummelled(www.economist.com)
89 points | 126 comments
ciconia 7 hours ago|
https://archive.ph/37Hwn
lateforwork 2 hours ago||
> The fear is that these [AI] tools are allowing companies to create much of the software they need themselves.

AI-generated code still requires software engineers to build, test, debug, deploy, secure, monitor, be on-call, support, handle incidents, and so on. That's very expensive. It is much cheaper to pay a small monthly fee to a SaaS company.

mattmaroon 1 hour ago||
A lot of these companies are not small monthly fees. And if you’ve ever worked with them, you’ll know that many of the tools they sell are an exact match for almost nobody’s needs.

So what happens is a corporation ends up spending a lot of money for a square tool that they have to hammer into a circle hole. They do it because the alternative is worse.

AI coding does not allow you to build anything even mildly complex with no programmers yet. But it does reduced by an order of magnitude the amount of money you need to spend on programming a solution that would work better.

Another thing AI enables is significantly lower switching costs. A friend of mine owned an in person and online retailer that was early to the game, having come online in the late 90s. I remember asking him, sometime around 2010, when his Store had become very difficult to use, why he didn’t switch to a more modern selling platform, and the answer was that it would have taken him years to get his inventory moved from one system to another. Modern AI probably could’ve done almost all of the work for him.

I can’t even imagine what would happen if somebody like Ford wanted to get off of their SAP or Oracle solution. A lot of these products don’t withhold access to your data but they also won’t provide it to you in any format that could be used without a ton of work that until recently would’ve required a large number of man hours

datsci_est_2015 1 hour ago|||
Our company just went through an ERP transition and AI of all kinds was 0% helpful for the same reason it’s difficult for humans to execute: little to no documentation and data model mismatches.
dehugger 45 minutes ago||
surprising considering you just listed two primary use cases (exploring codebases/data models + creating documentation)
s5fs 18 minutes ago|||
Exploring a codebase tells you WHAT it's doing, but not WHY. In older codebases you'll often find weird sections of code that solved a problem that may or may not still exist. Like maybe there was an import process that always left three carriage returns at the end of each record, so now you got some funky "lets remove up to three carriage returns" function that probably isn't needed. But are you 100% sure it's not needed?

Same story with data models, let's say you have the same data (customer contact details) in slightly different formats in 5 different data models. Which one is correct? Why are the others different?

Ultimately someone has to solve this mystery and that often means pulling people together from different parts of the business, so they can eventually reach consensus on how to move forward.

gmueckl 20 minutes ago|||
I don't find this surprising. Code and data models encode the results of accumulated business decisions, but nothing about the decision making process or rationale. Most of the time, this information is stored only in people's heads, so any automated tool is necessary blind.
wtp1saac 1 hour ago||||
If it is not a small fee, I do wonder - is there still advantage to having a provider which one may take out a lawsuit against if something goes wrong? To what extent might liability and security vetting by scaled usage still hedge against AI, in your view?
solomatov 33 minutes ago||||
>But it does reduced by an order of magnitude the amount of money you need to spend on programming a solution that would work better

Could you share any data on this? Are there any case studies you could reference or at least personal experience? One order of magnitude is 10x improvement in cost, right?

ManuelKiessling 21 minutes ago||
I‘m not sure it’s a perfect example, but at least it’s a very realistic example from a company that really doesn’t have time and energy for hype or fluff:

We are currently sunsetting our use of Webflow for content management and hosting, and are replacing it with our own solution which Cursor & Claude Opus helped us build in around 10 days:

https://dx-tooling.org/sitebuilder/

https://github.com/dx-tooling/sitebuilder-webapp

solomatov 11 minutes ago||
Thanks for the link.

So, basically you made a replacement for webflow for your use case in 10 days, right?

stefan_ 30 minutes ago||||
Oh, but that doesn't matter. SaaS tools aren't bought by the people that have to use them. Entire groups in big companies (HR & co) are delegating the majority of their job to SaaS and all failures are blamed on the people who have to interact with them while they are entirely ancillary to their job.
paulpauper 1 hour ago|||
Modern AI probably could’ve done almost all of the work for him.

no way. We're not talking a standalone AI created program for a single end-user, but entire integrated e-commerce enterprise system that needs to work at scale and volume. Way harder.

forgetfreeman 1 hour ago||
I also have pretty hefty skepticism that AI is going to magically account for the kinds of weird-ass edge cases that one encounters during a large data migration.
fragmede 3 minutes ago|||
It's not that AI is magically going to do it, it's that the human running the migration now has better tools to generate code that does account for those one-off edge cases.
FireBeyond 31 minutes ago|||
I was interviewing with a company that has done ETL migration, interop and management tools for the healthcare space, and is just dipping their toes in the "Could AI do this for us or help us?"

Their initial answer/efforts seem to be a qualified but very qualified "Possibly" (hah).

They talked of pattern matching and recognition being a very strong point, but yeah, the edge cases tripping things up, whether corrupt data or something very obscure.

Somewhat like the study of MRIs and CTs of people who had no cancer diagnosis but would later go on to develop cancer (i.e. they were sick enough that imaging and testing was being ordered but there were no/insufficient markers for a radiologist/oncologist to make the diagnosis, but in short order they did develop those markers). AI was very good at analyzing the data set and with high accuracy saying "this person likely went on to have cancer", but couldn't tell you why or what it found.

keeda 1 hour ago|||
Hmm, I wonder if it would be cheaper to hire a couple of software engineers to vibe-code custom SaaS apps on top of the company's existing data layer instead of paying for a hundred different SaaS subscriptions.

Financial considerations aside, one advantage of having in-house engineers is that you can get custom features built on-demand without having to be blocked on the roadmap of a SaaS company juggling feature requests from multiple customers...

Sleaker 1 hour ago|||
I'm at a large company that is building connections between all of its different financial systems. The primary problem being faced is NOT speed to code things, the primary problem at large companies is getting business aligned with tech (communication) and getting alignment across all the different orgs on data ownership, access, and security. AI currently doesn't solve any of this. Throw in needing to deal with regulation/SOX compliance and all the progress you think AI might make, just doesn't align with the problem domains.
coliveira 53 minutes ago|||
> getting business aligned with tech (communication) and getting alignment across all the different orgs

This is what a CEO is supposed to do. I wonder if CEOs are the ones OK with their data being used and sent to large corps like MS, Oracle, etc.

foobarian 39 minutes ago||
Makes me wonder if they are getting ripe for disruption. Not by a new business model, but a new operating model where a CEO will be tech/ai-aware and push through all these kinds of things.
fragmede 2 minutes ago||
There's definitely a market for on-prem solutions that don't involve sending all your data to someone else, while reaping the benefits.
Shalomboy 59 minutes ago||||
Agreed. The SWEs already receive a steady supply of conflicting demands from every possible business unit; the value add for these teams is a working PMO to prioritize the requests coming in.
sublinear 57 minutes ago|||
This is also generally true for all mid to large businesses I've ever worked at.

The code they write is highly domain-specific, implementation speed is not the bottleneck, and their payroll for developers is nothing compared to the rest of the business.

AI would just increase risk for no reward.

skissane 30 minutes ago|||
> one advantage of having in-house engineers is that you can get custom features built on-demand without having to be blocked on the roadmap of a SaaS company juggling feature requests from multiple customers...

Many larger enterprises do both – buy multiple SaaS products, and then have an engineering team to integrate all those SaaS products together by calling their APIs, and build custom apps on the side for more bespoke requirements.

To give a real world example: the Australian government has all these complex APIs and file formats defined to integrate with enterprises for various purposes (educational institutions submitting statistics, medical records and billing, taxation, anti-money laundering for banks, etc). You can't just vibe code a client for them – the amount of testing and validation you have to do with your implementation is huge–and if you get it wrong, you are sending the government wrong data, which is a massive legal risk. And then, for some of them, the government won't let you even talk to the API unless you get your product certified through a compliance process which costs $$$. Or, you could just buy some off-the-shelf product which has already implemented all of that, and focus your internal engineering efforts on other stuff. And consider this is just one country, and dozens of other countries worldwide do the same thing in slightly different ways. But big SaaS vendors are used to doing all that, they'll have modules for dealing with umpteen different countries' specific regulations and associated government APIs/file formats, and they'll keep them updated since they are forever changing due to new regulations and government policies. And big vendors will often skip some of the smaller countries, but then you'll get local vendors who cover them instead.

epolanski 40 minutes ago|||
Atlassian tools for a client like mine (hundreds of employees) can easily cover the expense of internalizing it. It's Jira plus confluence mostly, it's not rocket science.

And that's just atlassian.

Start adding stuff that costs many many many yearly salaries (special software for managing inventories and warehouses) it starts making sense to prototype alternatives internally.

I came to the conclusion that if it's not Teams/SharePoint or the moat is on the extreme legal complexity side (e.g. payrolls), you can at least think of building an alternative that is good enough without needing to be perfect.

bargainbin 35 minutes ago|||
Don’t forget the salary for every dev team having the Atlassian Jira Jockey to mess around with the board all day and make sure the next 7 epics worth of tickets are in the 9 columns and in prioritised order.

Where would we be without them!?

louiereederson 28 minutes ago||||
jira premium is $15/mo/user for 300 users. you're saying $50k can cover developing the app inclusive of integrations, maintaining it, providing 24/7 service and 3 9s uptime (per the sla)? don't forget compliance and security. maybe the logic is everyone can be fired and replaced with agents?
julienfr112 18 minutes ago|||
I told to my colleague that it would take less time for me to vibe code jira that it would take him to configure it. Sounds crazy ? Not so much : factor the part of jira you use (maybe 10%), the many choices and dimensions you have to configure, the time it take and the complexity it bring. On the other side, the vibe code version have only the fields you want, most of the logic hard written in code (ie epic > story >task...), and that you could do anything any role, any authentication scheme.
falloutx 1 hour ago|||
Other reason could be that investors think companies are going to lay off a lot of their staff and then that will decrease Saas revenue anyway.
SimianSci 1 hour ago|||
"Small Monthly Fee" is a very loaded term here. Im in the negotiations for these platforms, the price that many of these companies command for their products will very often pay the salaries of a whole software department. Add to this the quality of support being the lowest possible option above "nonexistant" and I would say the risk to these SaaS companies is real.

The real benefit of these types of SaaS offerings was their ubiquity across multiple industries and verticals. If a company bought Salesforce, they could very readily find employees that would be able to quickly onboard since they would likley have used it at previous companies. AI software generation is changing this as more and more software being created is bespoke and increasingly one-of-a-kind with these tools allowing companies to create software that fits their unique and specific needs.

My hot take here is that the moats previously enjoyed by SaaS companies will increasingly vanish as smaller and smaller teams can assemble "good enough" solutions that companies will adopt instead of paying giant chunks of their budget on pre-built SaaS tools that will increasingly demand more training to Onboard.

gmueckl 10 minutes ago|||
There is one big argument against these "good enough" solutions: commercial business software providers need to put a lot of R&D into finding generalized workflows that apply to as many clients as possible. Effectively, they find and encode current standard practices into their products. This is valuable from a business operations perspective in two ways: it's a good bet that transitioning the customer's operations to match the software is cleaning up internal processes, and it makes onboarding new employees easier because the tools and workflows should be much more familiar right from the start.
louiereederson 43 minutes ago||||
>My hot take here is that the moats previously enjoyed by SaaS companies will increasingly vanish as smaller and smaller teams can assemble "good enough" solutions that companies will adopt instead of paying giant chunks of their budget on pre-built SaaS tools that will increasingly demand more training to Onboard.

why do people pay red hat/ibm for rhel? they earn pretty good margins too. to parent's point on software/=code

falloutx 1 hour ago|||
Saas was always fueled by B2B buying through same investor circle. sequoia companies buying from other sequoia companies, softbank companies buying from other software companies. Without this circular buying and selling of the software, the whole B2B software market crashes.
KellyCriterion 2 hours ago|||
yes, but this does fit into the head of MBA-bobo-management stylers, who believe ChatGPT will replace everyone :)
the_gipsy 2 hours ago|||
Yes, it's just that some companies will fail to adapt, but there will be new jobs.
Spooky23 38 minutes ago|||
Lol. ServiceNow, Oracle, Workday, etc are not small monthly fees. That's what the market is shitting on. (Oracle is different, given the corruption and OpenAI grift angle.)

My buddy works for a company like these. He landed a $5M contract last year, which netted him almost $800k. There's alot of fat to be cooked out of this stuff, and AI will help smaller entrants attack those margins.

AI-based startups like Vanta make it much easier for companies to meet the compliance bullshit the large companies require. Again, it will drive more competition == better values for customers.

tossandthrow 1 hour ago|||
That would justify a good multiple of 5 to 10. Not 30 or above as for high growth companies.
louiereederson 46 minutes ago||
multiple of what? there is maybe one software company trading above 30x revenue - palantir. many companies growing at 20% trade at single digit revenue multiples.
rglullis 1 hour ago|||
> AI-generated code still requires software engineers

No, they don't.

A domain expert armed with an Excel spreadsheet and the ability to write VBA macros will be enough for most business.

1718627440 52 minutes ago|||
That's a software engineer that is limited to an mostly untyped macro language, with worse version control and poor tooling. It's not that software can't be written as an Excel spreadsheet, it is that it is just inefficient and failure prune.
zdw 1 hour ago||||
Excel spreadsheets have little to no validation logic that you're actually getting a good result, unless you have a secondary check (most spreadsheets are structured as "single entry" accounting, so lack the checks)

A prime example of this was the Reinhart/Rogoff paper advocating austerity that was widely quoted, and then it was discovered that the spreadsheet used had errors that invalidated the conclusions:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_in_a_Time_of_Debt#Metho...

Just because technology is in use and "works" doesn't mean it's always correct.

rglullis 1 hour ago||
You are taking my comment way too literatlly.

The point is not that people will be using specifically Excel, but that most business only pay for software because it is the tool that gives them the most power to automate their processes. They don't need high availablility, they don't need standards compliance, they don't extensive automated tests, they won't need cloud engineeers and SRE... all you need is some tool that can get the results your are looking for right now.

Academia already works like this. Software wrtiten for academic purposes is notoriously "bad" because it is not engineerd, but that doesn't matter because it is good enough to deliver the results that researchers need. Corporate IT will also start looking like this even at mid-sized companies.

zdw 8 minutes ago||
I don't disagree with anything you say here - using a tool that lacks guardrails is fine for a lot of tasks, but if that's the only tool and used where those guardrails go from "nice to haves" to something more critical is where the problem is.

I've been in ops for a long time and have encountered far too many "our IP addressing plan is just a spreadsheet with manual reconciliation".

I truly wonder if Excel and all it's predecessors and direct clones (Google Sheets, etc.) are holding back industry from making something truly better and more reliable.

kube-system 1 hour ago|||
I guess that's technically true, because "most businesses" are sole proprietorships without any employees... but they could get by just fine with a checkbook and a note pad.

But the reasons the business software sector grew far beyond Excel of the 1990s is because of the inherent limitations in scaling solutions built by business analysts inside of Excel. There's a vague cutoff somewhere in the middle of the SMB market where software architecture starts to matter and the consequences for fuckup are higher than the cost of paying for professionally made software with, importantly, a vendor on the hook for making sure it doesn't fuck up.

forgetfreeman 1 hour ago||
Uh, no. The main reason the software sector grew in the 90s was a particularly potent combination of FOMO, kickbacks, and strategically deployed cocaine.
freejazz 48 minutes ago|||
AI-generated code is not copyrightable and therefore cannot be protected through a conventional licensing scheme.
airstrike 2 hours ago|||
yes but investors don't know that

or for a more charitable comment, I think the issue people struggle with right now is how much of non-AI software will be replaced by AI-native versions. and it's not even a 1:1 mapping. we may see 5 different small companies replaced by a single AI interface. all TBD, but there's merit to avoiding that risk right now if you can just allocate to NVDA and GOOG instead

themafia 1 hour ago|||
> AI-generated code

AI "generated" code requires a large base of training data to draw from. If we all stop writing code then there will no new code written. Just rehashes of stolen ideas. There is no long tail to this industry or ideal.

> That's very expensive.

As long as you convince someone else to pay the bill who cares? The real problem is are you losing your competitive edge? If everyone else can crank out the same stolen crap you can then there is no reason for you to even exist.

doctorpangloss 14 minutes ago|||
Haha, maybe… you can stick your head in the sand all you want, but everyone I know whose output is code is delegating 100% of their work to Claude Code today, I cannot see this magically drawing a line at people whose output is configs and emails…
9rx 1 hour ago|||
Foundational software requires that, but the foundation is pretty much completely built at this point. The workforce required to keep it running is but a tiny fraction of what was required to build it. The past has shown that innovation in hardware can push for the foundations to be rebuilt, but we've also already got computers basically everywhere now. There may not be some new innovation that requires the foundations to be completely rewritten again.

The little one-off programs that we thought would keep developers busy forevermore don't require engineers. They often don't even require code. LLMs can natively do a lot of things that historically would have required software.

manmal 18 minutes ago||
Such black and white thinking. Even the little tools fall apart at first sight of an edge case if they are fully vibed. Neither Opus nor codex are good at architecture, and it’s not clear they ever will be.
9rx 8 minutes ago||
You still seem to be thinking about code. A lot of the software I am using now in my non-tech business isn't rooted in code at all. It is simply asking an LLM to carry out a task. Still programming, of course, but not with a traditional programming language. The LLM will produce the excepted results in realtime. The intermediary step of writing a traditional executable is unnecessary.

In the olden days it would have taken considerable engineering resources to produce a comparable tool. That is no longer the case.

deadbabe 1 hour ago|||
You can use AI for simple stuff.

For everything else, there’s open source.

kube-system 1 hour ago||
Open source doesn't implement, host, and support itself. Some of these software companies stocks are companies selling open source software.
coliveira 41 minutes ago||
Software developers programmed themselves out of a job. They created a huge and growing set of free, tested, high quality software in the form of open source, that can be use for pretty much anything. LLMs will automate a lot of the remaining pieces.
firstplacelast 2 hours ago|||
Stock prices are very forward looking, so if half the hype being sold about AI is true I would expect most software-centric companies to be devalued by wall-street (as the test, deploy, support should be automated in the coming years...according to the AI CEO's).

However, if I was a wall street analyst and believed the AI dreams I would further be concerned that software companies aren't taking advantage of the last remnants of value before software (and maybe labor) values go to zero.

If you've got a gold mine and have recently built the most efficient shovels in the world, why are they not bringing in mass amounts of workers to utilize these shovels before all the neighboring mines. Once all that gold is on the market, the price crashes so it's better to be one of the first mines to get in and dig out all possible value first.

I think you either don't believe in the AI hype, which means a lot of silicon valley companies are tremendously overvalued. Or you do, in which case another huge part of silicon valley is overvalued especially when they are not looking to out-innovate their peers (as evidenced by downsizing), but just riding the wave of AI until what they are selling has no marginal value over some guy coding alone in his bedroom. SV is putting itself into a weird position, but still has some time for financial buffoonery before the party stops.

falloutx 1 hour ago||
>If you've got a gold mine and have recently built the most efficient shovels in the world, why are they not bringing in mass amounts of workers to utilize these shovels before all the neighboring mines

Because they are completely consumed by the need to increase margins, which they think they will be able to do it with AI by laying off a lot of people. But Saas economy is connected and based on per user pricing, so as layoffs continue, Saas economy is showing its biggest weakness. All of Saas companies also seem to embrace AI so much that they would rather add another summarise button rather than actually making something which cant be copied easily by competitors.

llmslave 2 hours ago||
cost will go down 70-90%
kawera 2 hours ago||
SaaS margins too.
poulpy123 2 hours ago||
Maybe just maybe, the markets are not as rational as these people think they are
gwbas1c 14 minutes ago||
I wonder when a "virtual person" will be able to replace carefully-coded business software?

IE, before software automates a business process, it's typically done by hand, by a real person.

What if someone sells a "virtual person" that's capable of doing the job? What if that "virtual person" is harder to train than a real person, but orders of magnitudes easier than writing custom software or custom business rules?

More importantly: What if the "virtual person" can explain the job they do much better than trying to read source code? That's very useful in ~30ish years when the "virtual person" understands the business process better than the people in the company, and someone is trying to update / streamline processes.

_pdp_ 2 hours ago||
I was one of the nay sayers but right now I am convinced.

That being said, it still requires some engineering background to come up with interesting ideas and solutions with the help of LLMs but even that might be replaced.

luke5441 59 minutes ago|
So you disagree with the article? Could you explain your reasoning?
SimianSci 1 hour ago||
The Value of software is going down, this much is clear to most people. It will continue to demand proper engineering for its creation and operation. But AI will lead to an increase of unique one-of-a-kind systems created by very small teams. And the world will increasingly rely on these unique systems.

SaaS companies need to start reading the writting on the wall, their massive valuations enjoyed when software was harder to create will need to be justified.

falloutx 1 hour ago||
Everyone says that but I don't see anyone cooking up the next photoshop and selling it at $3/month. Why are we not seeing more options of every tool? Most Saas companies are sales companies at their core rather than software companies. And those sales people are so good that they can sell a todo list for millions.
coliveira 35 minutes ago||
In the case of Photoshop it is the software itself that is becoming useless. In a few years, using photoshop will be viewed the same as developing physical film, a process from a by-gone era that is still possible, but impractical.
gmueckl 6 minutes ago||
This is an extremely bold claim and I think that it completely overlooks how Photoshop is used by professionals in practice. Professional users want extremely fine grained and precise control over their tools to achieve the specific results that they want. AI "image editing" is incapable of providing anything remotely similar.
nonethewiser 1 hour ago|||
I dont actually think it changes the economics of software as a service much. What's true for the small scale is true for the large scale. Sure, it's easier to build your own HR platform now but it's also easier to write and maintain it at scale with all your domain knowledge, legal infrastructure, etc. This seems true for inventory management, document signing, ecommerce, expensing, crm, training, accounting, etc. Why wouldn't the offerings from services providers get better and cheaper (relatively)?

The stuff you do in-house is probably still going to tied deeply to your internal processes. Admin dashboards, special workflows integrating with different systems, etc.

SimianSci 57 minutes ago||
Consider it in the realm of supply and demand. The economics of software will change simply because the tool enables more software to be written. In a way, the barrier of entry into the space of selling software has lowered. It hasnt vanished, but there will be many more entrants and offerings as a result, thus more competition for the existing SaaS companies.

I don't see how the economics of SaaS will remain the same when their value is formed of capital and labor expended, both of which require less now, so please explain how this doesn't lead to an increase in supply and a downward pressure on value?

themafia 1 hour ago||
> this much is clear to most people.

There are more computers now than there ever have been. More people in more parts of the world have them than ever before. If you have this perspective you may just be locked in a first-world corporate nightmare that has stolen from you all vision and imagination.

KellyCriterion 1 hour ago|||
TRUE! Actually the world around is controlled already by computers ~ chips: Your car, your dishwasher, your metro, your holidayjettravel etc.

And it becomes "worse": Billions and billions of chips ~ compusters are produced every year, the number is increasing.

Billions of people will get access to the stuff that was around for us "since ever" for the first time in their whole life.

SimianSci 1 hour ago|||
Perhaps the it would be better described as "commodification" of software, which still gets my point across. Software is absolutely more ubiquitous than ever before, this I can agree upon. But now we have the tools to create more of it, and therefore software is less valuable simply as it is less rare. I dont mean to say that software is valueless, but rather that it enjoyed inflated value as the amount of capital and effort required to build a software product was much greater.
francisofascii 1 hour ago||
The iShares Expanded Tech-Software Sector ETF (IGV) seems to backup what the article is saying. It isolate software firms from the IT industry. It is down about 10% last week, and 20% down the past six months. The IT sector as a whole didn't lose much.
FireBeyond 22 minutes ago|
I used to work for ServiceNow.

Market Cap over doubled between 2021 and 2025.

But since the start of 2025, it has lost all of that.

13% in the last week. 20% in the last month. Six months is definitely bleaker than those numbers, 37% down.

larodi 1 hour ago|
No, they dont distrust AI, they now may start to distrust all the big service providers that are likelty to eventually be eradicated by AI now that everyone can prompt a browser. This perhaps will also finally kill Microsoft Access, which is the closest to AI doing the work instead of you for so long. Then all the do-it-yourself enterprise-grade systems became SAAS, so its right for SalesForce and friends to go fck themselves once in a lifetime for standing in the way of actual software ownership.

I know, you are saying - they will adopt. Perhaps, while also cutting 40% (if not more) personnel during the pivot, and perhaps also by facing more challenges by faster moving competition.

Like, look for a second - why didn't Google create what the perplexity newsfeed is, given they actually like did 10 years ago and then close to nobody was using it. The equilibrium seems super unstable. What happens if a smart kid devices way to compress this information 10x times faster. This immediately means neural chips stall.

This volatility is something, not a joke. The second order effects may be unforseeable in an unparalleled way. Besides, the Luddites organize much better in 2026 given reddit etc.

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