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Posted by jlebar 11 hours ago

Formalizing Fermat's Last Theorem(www.anthropic.com)
https://xenaproject.wordpress.com/2026/09/04/flt-anthropic-h...
558 points | 343 commentspage 2
henryrobbins00 10 hours ago|
Back in February, I was talking with my PhD advisor about using Lean to formally verify automated optimization modeling outputs. It eventually turned into this paper [1]. It’s been truly incredible to see how much the frontier models have progressed in both autoformalization and automated theorem proving in the last six months. Back in February, it was cool to see them prove the validity of some simple cutting planes. Now it can churn out a min-cut max-flow duality formalization (not to mention FLT). Very exciting times!

I’ll also share a Python package I wrote for automated theorem proving that has been super useful in my own research [2].

[1] https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25220

[2] https://github.com/henryrobbins/open-atp

Goofy_Coyote 1 hour ago||
For math illiterate people like me, my understanding is that FLT was already proven, but the proof was beyond complex, certainly for mere mortals like me, and now Claude has codified it, correct?
chvid 10 hours ago||
Looking forward to the 5 billion LoC proof of the Riemann hypothesis.
alok-g 5 hours ago||
If AI manages to prove, or disprove, I wonder what would Clay Foundation do for the prize.
chvid 1 hour ago||
Who cares about some billionaire paying another billionaire a million dollars?

WHat matters is our understanding of maths, and whether this sort of thing makes us smarter or stupider.

andrewla 11 hours ago||
Wow -- looks like thanks to Claude, Lean checks off another box on https://www.cs.ru.nl/~freek/100/
rawling 11 hours ago||
The last box, per https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49568667
mikmoila 8 hours ago||
"The effort succeeded when we switched to using Prove2Me, an open collaborative platform for formalizing mathematics designed by Tianyi Peng and his collaborators at Columbia University."

So in the end, it required tooling crafted by humans.

logicprog 6 hours ago||
There's nothing about prove2me that couldn't have been coded just like any other huge coding project frontier models have proven themselves extremely good at doing. It just happened to have been made by humans.
educasean 8 hours ago|||
By this standard, no computer has ever accomplished anything, because humans built the computer. AI bubble about to burst any second now.
mikmoila 8 hours ago||
Humans built the tool which enabled the result. AI used the tooling for eliminating the dead ends. Yes, I can appreciate the practical value of all this, but IMHO it is not a kind of breakthrough result the article gives impression of.
johnsmith1840 7 hours ago||
A literal rock we carved patterns on and shot lightning into has accomplished something no human has.

How much more magical do you want this to be?

Tool or not it did something you could never have accomplished.

mikmoila 7 hours ago||
"you could never have accomplished"; I am not able to follow the logic here - there is no "magic" in LLMs, they're built by humans and we know what they do.
johnsmith1840 7 hours ago|||
Sure? I mean the internet is just a bunch of wires and some networking code not magic but at the same completely life alteringly magical.

My logic is that you personally could never have accomplished this feat with all the non LLM tools and content in the world. These kinds of things imply these methods are stepping beyond human ability.

Sure we put walls around it and optimize but the interior of that optimization is not something we understand.

You now have access to a system that for a price could solve something you simply are unable to solve. Not something we programmed it to solve, something that has never been solved before.

Nobody gave it an example of this proof, that's magical.

Philpax 7 hours ago|||
We don't know what they do. We shape them, but our understanding of how they get to their result is comparatively minimal.
mikmoila 7 hours ago||
I think you're referring to the fact that the sheer amount of computations is something too time consuming for us to follow? But still it is not "magical" - in theory we could follow all the steps, there's no hidden information.
Philpax 7 hours ago||
No, I mean we just don't know what's going on in the circuits of the model at any substantial level. We set their architecture (hyperparameters), we pump them full of data (pretraining), and we shape how they behave through examples (SFT) and reward (RL), but we can't say with any certainty what the resulting model does internally.

You can scroll through https://transformer-circuits.pub/ to see the ~extent of our current understanding.

mikmoila 7 hours ago||
Yes "at any substancial level" . But still, its all about deterministic processes and still it obeys the law that the same input gives the same output. Or do you mean that the fluctuations like computing environment might ruin the determinism?
johnsmith1840 6 hours ago||
100% not deterministic at the scale they run.
behnamoh 8 hours ago||
For now. That, too, will change in the future.
deepsun 8 hours ago||
Same thing was said about cryptocurrency for like 15 years: "_in the future_ it will replace all fiat currency".
behnamoh 8 hours ago||
AI ≠ crypto.
sva_ 5 hours ago||
Hmm kind of funny, some years ago someone claimed LLMs can do math, and I replied if it could prove fermants theorem:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33176996#33177939

> Now try to make a computer prove that there are no natural numbers a,b,c; so that a^n + b^n = c^n for any n > 2.

> > Shifting the goal posts a bit, aren't we?

I guess the goalposts did change a bit, and in a pretty short time.

aaraujo002 11 hours ago||
They released the code here: https://github.com/anthropics/fermats-last-theorem
margorczynski 7 hours ago||
With how capable and cheap automatic proof verification is becoming I wonder how many proofs assumed to be true by almost all of the math community will be proven false. And not by some marginal easy to fix error by some fundamental flaw in reasoning.
jeremyjh 7 hours ago|
I will not be surprised if the number is zero. It should have already happened if it were possible.

Proving that a conjecture is false is very different than what you are proposing. You are proposing an existing proof is simply wrong, that the proof can be checked in Lean, and that no one has bothered to check it yet.

crawshaw 9 hours ago||
More (strong) evidence that agents make formal methods far more useful. The cost of creating that Lean proof has dropped dramatically.

Hopefully this helps mathematicians. It seems very clear to me that it will help software engineers apply formal methods to more of our software.

ojo-rojo 10 hours ago|
I'm really impressed by mathematicians. It's cool that Fermat had the intuition to conjecture that "aⁿ + bⁿ = cⁿ" could not be satisfied for n > 2, and that other mathematicians can create proofs, and that others still can understand AI's formulation of those proofs. Really cool.
floweronthehill 9 hours ago|
I wonder if AI can come up with mathematical conjectures. As in, they feel it's right but can't prove it. What even happened in Fermat's brain to sense it was true?
ojo-rojo 8 hours ago||
Right. Once we see AI start delivering on the creative & intuition side of things that's going to be awesome. Until then I guess we'll live with exhaustive exploration of problem spaces by orchestrating swarms of agents...?
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