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Posted by Amorymeltzer 1/1/2026

2025 Letter(danwang.co)
398 points | 323 comments
keiferski 1/2/2026|
The insights on American and Chinese industry / tech are undercut by the generic stereotypical “Europeans are smug and backward-looking” comments. A bit disappointing that someone who spends a ton of time analyzing two complex societies (China and the US) falls into Reddit-tier caricature on a third.
mns 1/2/2026||
The attitude here is quite astounding, seeing how any criticism of the author or this piece is seen as some sort of reductionism of his views and european smugness (?!?), all the while the author reduces an entire nation (Germany in this case) to the anecdote of a Georgian mass murderer, probably one of the most ruthless and diabolical people that ever existed, so yeah, very balanced discussion here.
vouwfietsman 1/2/2026|||
Indeed, it seems that the gap that is present politically between America and Europe is to some extent also playing out in the individual, even in the tech scene. This is a little alarming to me, as the idea of an alliance can break down on the political level and be repaired in the new cycle of elections, that's OK.

But if an individual American really thinks Europeans are as smug as described in this article, or if Europeans really think the way this article describes, there is a more concerning, deeper issue with the worldview of these historically well-aligned peoples.

throw87764e 1/2/2026|||
I find these comments funny, because a lot of HNers will reduce the behavior of Asians (everything is about “face”), and yet become so acutely aware when it happens to Europeans.
vanviegen 1/2/2026|||
I agree. What are comments like this

> I feel it’s impossible to convince Europeans to act in their self interest. You can’t even convince them to adopt air conditioning in the summer.

doing in an article that seems to strive for serious reflection on different societies?

exceptione 1/2/2026|||
It is a bit of a trope under self-important bloggers, he seems to have copied and as such it reveals one's depth of understanding. On the one hand: who cares, we all have stereotypes when the resolution is too low. And criticism is due, but not this one.

I think it is a bit of a trade-off, his writings are engaging, but to discuss Europe in a serious way a blog wouldn't cut it, and it would make it possibly quite dry nonetheless. One has to not only understand the EU, their limited budget and mandate, but also the various parties in each country. This is just incredibly difficult to form an accurate picture of, even if there wouldn't be things like centuries old cultures and various languages.

To take away from the doom and gloom, iff the EU is really able to integrate in the next decade(s), form a shared market, my money would be on them. Both the current US government and Russia fear an integrated Europe, as they would be too big as a prey. Meanwhile, many countries want to join the EU, despite it being a "hell hole", at least if one believes the adversarial content promoted on the big tech platforms. At this moment the current US government supports "nationalistic" parties and corrupt kleptocrats like Orban, trying to break it apart from inside.

ccorcos 1/2/2026|||
Perhaps he could have been a bit more charitable with his attitude, but do you disagree with his premise?

20k people died from heat exposure last summer in Europe! That seems crazy to me, though what do I know? What am I missing?

vanviegen 1/3/2026||
I'm finding numbers ranging from 16k (Imperial College London) up to 175k (WHO). All studies I encountered seem to be based on a statistical correlation between heath and death counts, which makes sense as 'heath' is rarely registered as an official cause of death.

Would installing more airco's help? Perhaps, especially some of the poorer regions in the south, hardest hit by climate change, may still have some nursery homes without proper cooling.

But installing airco's isn't even listed in the 4 points of advice provided by the WHO. It's about adapting lifestyles and work practices (think: construction workers) to the changing climate.

The US is not exempt from this. The NY times is reporting a doubling of heath related deaths in recent years, though I can only find numbers based on official causes of death, which cannot be compared to the European numbers.

So no, I don't think this is a great example of all of Europe being too stupid to do even simple things in its own interests.

ccorcos 1/3/2026||
I might be missing something because I don’t really understand why you mean by “health” related deaths…

But it seems like you’re making Dan’s point for him. “We need to adapt our lifestyles to climate change” is not an acceptable answer to someone dying of heat stroke who would very much prefer (out of self-interest) air conditioning and a higher standard of living…

odiroot 1/2/2026|||
There's also a big differences between the Western Europe, Central Europe and Eastern Europe on the forward/backward looking plane.

I presume his eyes are mostly fixed on the "old EU".

OGEnthusiast 1/2/2026|||
[flagged]
keiferski 1/2/2026|||
I was using Reddit-tier as an indicator of low quality, not specific viewpoints.
anhner 1/2/2026|||
"Europeans are seething about it" lol bro cope harder. We're not the ones living under fascists or communists.
OGEnthusiast 1/2/2026||
[flagged]
anhner 1/2/2026||
What the fuck are you talking about bro?

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crew8y7pwd5o

At least get your facts straight. And by the way, last I checked the war started in 2022, that's (almost) 4 years away, not "5 and running".

Go and cope harder.

zurfer 1/2/2026|||
Yes it's a bit disappointing but probably captures the current American and Chinese opinion quite well.

Europe as a whole has a lot of good things going for it but I do agree that it's less ambitious on average than these 2 power blocks.

However the same dynamic that was described in the article where nobody wants to lack behind is also true for Europe.

Also, yes Novo Nordisk plundered their GTM in the US and lost market valuation but you can still get the same medical outcome in Europe as a patient based on a European invention. Another one: The first Covid vaccine came out of Germany.

More interestingly is the question on degrowth. I personally believe that growth is the more tempting path in general, but we do live on a finite planet and no system is on a path or has a good framework on how to grow sustainably or responsibly. Maybe AI is going to figure it out for us, but maybe it involves some hard tradeoffs that intelligence alone can't solve.

snake_doc 1/2/2026||
Would you be able provide some evidence to the contrary when it comes to the topics discussed in the letter?

On industrial infrastructure

On technology innovation

On internet regulation

On central planning

Otherwise, your comment becomes an anecdote supporting the common stereotypes (assuming you’re from Europe).

keiferski 1/2/2026|||
I’m responding to comments like this in the article:

So I am betting that the US and China are more compelling forces for change. Stalin was fond of telling a story from his experience in Leipzig in 1907, when, to his astonishment, 200 German workers failed to turn up to a socialist meeting because no ticket controller was on the platform to punch their train tickets, citing this experience as proof of the hopelessness of Germanic obedience. Could anyone imagine Chinese or Americans being so obedient?

This isn’t a serious analysis of German culture. It’s perfectly fine to argue that certain countries are economically or industrially problematic, but when you throw in comments like this, it really doesn’t help your argument.

And I’m not from Europe, but I have lived here for years. The constant clueless comments by my fellow North Americans about the somehow monolithic entity of “Europe” are irritating.

enraged_camel 1/2/2026|||
>> This isn’t a serious analysis of German culture.

Who said it’s meant to be a serious analysis? This is an essay that shares anecdotes and personal opinions, not a PhD dissertation.

vouwfietsman 1/2/2026||
This is not really fair, the story is never explicitly discounted as hyperbole in the article and follows a range of other more mellow criticisms of europe. Also, directly following this quote, is the question: "Could anyone imagine Chinese or Americans being so obedient?".

None of this points to the story being out of place, and since the author specializes in serious analysis of china's relation with america, and the author brings up europe, its fair to assume that they included this story as a relevant criticism of europe.

In that regard, its indeed not of the same quality as the analyses of china or american culture.

snake_doc 1/2/2026|||
[flagged]
UncleMeat 1/2/2026||
This is sealioning.
stephen_cagle 1/2/2026||
I had never heard of this term and I thought about it for a good 30 seconds before looking it up (my best guess was it had something to do with the sea lion's "owrk" "owrk" noise when it asks for a fish at water parks). :]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealioning

throwaway132448 1/2/2026|||
I mean, you only have to quote the letter itself:

"I have a hard time squaring the poor prospects of Europe over the next decade with the smugness that Europeans have for themselves. I spent most of the summer in Copenhagen. There’s no doubt that quality of life in most European cities is superb, especially for what I care about: food, opera, walkable streets, access to nature. But a decade of low economic growth is biting. European prices and taxes can be so high while salaries can be so low."

This particular kind of American perspective on Europe always falls into the same trap: Not understanding a world where economic performance is _not_ the be-all-and-end-all, not understanding the connection between the benefits of such a world (things that consider externalities - not individuals - in order to exist) with the costs of such a world (taxes).

snake_doc 1/2/2026||
What exactly is wrong with Americans or for the most part the rest of the world valuing economic performance as a measure of prosperity and progress?

Your comment is again another anecdote confirming European stereotypes. It’s not a “trap”, it’s a different world view.

throwaway132448 1/2/2026|||
I didn't say there was anything wrong with having that value if you want to. The problem is not having the self awareness to realise when that framework of values is clouding your view of other perspectives.

A lack of self-awareness is a trap - the most insidious one because you don't know when you're in it :)

And you'll need a citation on "for the most part the rest of the world". Economic performance as the one true measure of prosperity and progress is very new, even in America itself: Most Americans have no sense of how very different their country is now from say, the country that launched the Apollo missions.

snake_doc 1/2/2026||
> Most Americans have no sense of how very different their country is now from say, the country that launched the Apollo missions.

You cannot be kidding right? Those that remember the Apollo missions will undoubtedly agree their country is different, first but not least they are most likely using a smartphone assembled and designed with technology unimaginable by NASA planning the Apollo missions; not only that, the smartphone is assembled half way around the world by a country previously in such dire poverty and famine that over 30M died due to Marxist central planning.

throwaway132448 1/2/2026||
That’s not change unique to America though. Why would I be thinking of changes that have affected almost every country, when talking about whether Americans recognize how America has changed?

Whether someone remembers the Apollo missions or not is irrelevant to my point. Quite the opposite: It matters more what people who don’t remember think of it, and how distant their assumptions are from the reality of that time.

It’s also funny how you keep bailing on your previous assertions that we’ve dismantled, and cherry pick different parts of every argument in the hope you might finally get a “win”.

snake_doc 1/3/2026||
> That’s not change unique to America though. Why would I be thinking of changes that have affected almost every country, when talking about whether Americans recognize how America has changed?

Hahahaha, this is like saying, the world wars didn’t impact Europe, because it also impacted the whole world! Europeans, the war didn’t happen!! Anyways… this entire thread is more evidence that European stereotypes are valid for the most part

dtj1123 1/2/2026||||
The issue is not that it's used as a measure, it's that the thing economic performance is supposed to serve as a proxy for - the general health and stability of a society - is then completely ignored. Homelessness, mental illness and violence are objectively more pronounced in American culture than they are in European culture.
ben_w 1/2/2026||||
Are you conscious of the fact that you replied to, essentially, someone saying "author mistakes preferences for metrics" with "it's not a mistake, it's a preference"?
elevatortrim 1/2/2026||||
Because economic performance does not account for unsustainable consumption of natural resources as a cost. Say I have $1M in the bank with a $10K monthly income. I am spending $100K per month. What is wrong with me measuring my happiness by the amount of money I spend?

Economic performance is a number. You can optimise it. Or you can choose any other number, and optimise it too. Is money the best number? Why not median lifespan? Why not reported happiness? Why not median wealth? US has much more money than EU, but the cost is the streets are covered with homeless. Is US really more prosperous if it can't provide a decent life for the equal percentage of people compared to EU countries?

vouwfietsman 1/2/2026||||
Again this is a polarizing question.

There's nothing wrong with either perspective, rather its the case that the European perspective is different. That's not to say that Europeans are right, or that criticism flowing from Europe to America is justified, but it should at least be acknowledged that pitching two players in a competition that one of the players has less interest in competing on, is misguided.

podgorniy 1/2/2026|||
> What exactly is wrong with Americans or for the most part the rest of the world valuing economic performance as a measure of prosperity and progress?

Prosperity of the nation? Or average people of the nation?

Imagine economy grows. But created value is distributed in hands of few. How then we think about prosperity? It is a prosperity of those few not a nation's?

kaonwarb 1/1/2026||
I recommend Dan’s book (https://danwang.co/breakneck/) to those wanting to better understand China - and the United States.
libraryofbabel 1/1/2026||
One of the best books I read this year. I think a lot of HN readers will like it. A really balanced take on China that also digs deep into the perennial question of “why can’t we build big infrastructure projects in the US?” that comes up here quite often.
veritascap 1/1/2026||
We used to build those infrastructure projects.
libraryofbabel 1/1/2026||
Well of course, and the book digs a little into the history as well, and what changed around the 1960s/70s. There is a long section on Robert Moses, for example. He draws a lot of parallels between modern China and the US in the 19th and early 20th centuries - totally different political systems, but similar “breakneck” ability to build.
decimalenough 1/1/2026|||
+1, it's a great read.

It also defies easy summaries, but my biggest takeaways were that 1) the CCP really doesn't care about the costs any of its policies (one-child, zero COVID, etc) impose on its citizenry, and 2) that the CCP is actively preparing China for a world where it's entirely cut off from the West, because it realizes that's the price to pay for invading Taiwan.

ehfeng 1/2/2026||
I'd agree that China is preparing to be cut off, but it's not because of Taiwan. Dan specifically mentions this:

"In vain do I protest that there are historical and geopolitical reasons motivating the desire, that chip fabs cannot be violently seized, and anyway that Beijing has coveted Taiwan for approximately seven decades before people were talking about AI."

Consider the historical timeline: "Fortress China" policies coincide with the rise of American protectionism on both sides of the aisle and the introduction of chip restrictions and punishing tariffs. Taiwan is an emotional/nationalist issue for China, but it's only one part of their policy, not the lynchpin as your comment suggests.

mattding 1/2/2026||
+1 biggest takeaway from me was that China / Asian societies emphasize process knowledge, which does not seem to be the case for U.S. tech in my working experience.
dzonga 1/1/2026||
London has the house prices of California and the income levels of Mississippi.

the UK is seriously broken, I always reflect on the energy generation statistics of the UK per capita

while in the US you see automated car washes, in the uk most car washes are Albanians n other immigrants etc

verbify 1/1/2026||
I spot checked some of this and from what I can find, the median salary in London is about $12k more than Mississippi, and the median house price in London is about $100k less than California.

Bear in mind that obviously the mean salary in London is going to be far higher than the median (the finance industry will skew it), while I'm not sure that's as extreme as Mississippi. Additionally median salaries reflect a lot of service jobs and similar labour. Dubai has a lower median wage than either London or Mississippi, but people don't think of it as economically broken.

Comparing California (an extremely large state that I presume has cheaper housing outside major urban areas) to a city seems a bit of a poor comparison.

I don't disagree that the UK has high energy costs.

lukevp 1/1/2026|||
If you’re trying to do a rebuttal, saying that wages are slightly higher than Mississippi and house prices are slightly lower than Cali doesn’t refute anything, it just serves to make the example more extreme and concrete. Look at house prices in Mississippi in relation to their income and then compare the same ratio for Cali and for London.
verbify 1/2/2026|||
I'm not sure why we're doing states vs cities. Jackson (the largest city in Mississippi) has a population of 150k. If I find a non-commuter belt town in the UK with a size of 150k, then the house prices will be dramatically lower. An analysis of London house prices needs to take into account that major urban areas in general command a premium (for reasons other than the ability to earn more).

If you compare SF or LA to London, then you'll find:

City | Median Wage | Median House Price | Ratio SF | 104k | $1.5m | 14.42 London | 67k | $890k | 13.28 LA | 73k | $1.1m | 15.07

London ends up being slightly more affordable despite lower salaries.

The whole analogy was a bit meaningless - it wasn't an apples to apples comparison. The writer mixed geographic and demographic scales to make a point that could just as well be about the unaffordability of large cities.

Thorrez 1/2/2026||
Fixed table formatting:

    City   | Median Wage | Median House Price | Ratio
    SF     | 104k        | $1.5m              | 14.42
    London |  67k        | $890k              | 13.28
    LA     |  73k        | $1.1m              | 15.07
piker 1/1/2026|||
Also, taxes?
butvacuum 1/2/2026||
tax numbers are irrelevant except as part of a takehome pay calculation.

at the very least, pretending that health insurance isnt another tax is a common way to derail these discussions.

piker 1/2/2026||
That’s right if the quote is net of income tax, but that wasn’t clear. While we’re on the subject we should include the 20% VAT (delta 5-10% sales tax in the states) which is the most regressive tax on the poor there is.
hdgvhicv 1/2/2026||
No vat on the majority of spending - from rent to food.

But buy a £50k Rolex and yes there is vat.

piker 1/2/2026||
Roughly the same with sales tax, it's just 1/3rd of that number.

> But buy a £50k Rolex and yes there is vat.

This is wildly ignorant of how less fortunate people live. They are hit with VAT on many daily expenses. Ignoring that fact and "tsk tsk"ing them for being frivolous is the [British] way.

ben_w 1/2/2026|||
Many daily expenses, yes. Before I left the UK, IIRC there was some campaign about tampons.

But "majority" just means half.

Between "The standard rate of VAT is 20 per cent, with around half of household expenditure subject to this rate." - https://obr.uk/forecasts-in-depth/tax-by-tax-spend-by-spend/...

And Figure 10.2 on page 6 of https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05...

I'd say it's very close to even odds that the other poster is correct to say "No vat on the majority of spending".

I'd also say that VAT should be reduced to encourage domestic spending and local growth, but I did leave the country for various reasons that can be simplified as "I do not expect the UK government to do the right thing".

hdgvhicv 1/2/2026||
Tampons, toothpaste, soap. Yes it’s all crazy, but that’s maybe £5 a week in vat.

Compare to £250 a week in rent and £100 a week in food and it’s peanuts.

ben_w 1/2/2026||
Yes, but you're not contradicting anything here. £5/week in VAT is what I'd expect roughly bottom 5% by income to pay, because of limited disposable income.

If you eat in a restaurant, IIRC that's VAT-rated. A meal for two coming to £20? That's £3.33 of VAT you just paid. Poorest 5% can't afford to eat out basically at all, but it quickly adds up the moment you can start affording that.

pixelpoet 1/2/2026|||
> the European way

There we go, the European monolith strikes again. Because the UK and Germany and Spain and Italy and Poland and Finland and and and are just so alike.

piker 1/2/2026||
For purposes of this discussion, I believe VAT is roughly uniform across the EU + UK and some other European jurisdictions. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I did update the comment to limit the critique to the UK.
financetechbro 1/1/2026||||
Dubai is absolutely economically broken lol. The city was built on cheap foreign slave labor. And the luxurious amenities of the city are only for the wealthy royal and foreigners. Their main export besides oil is the illusion of a thriving metropolis
Cyph0n 1/1/2026|||
The example I like to use to demonstrate how broken labor vs. service costs are in the UAE is to compare the price of a Big Mac meal to the price of a standard manual car wash (closer to detailing tbh).

In the UAE, a Big Mac meal costs approximately 35 AED ($10). On the other hand, a manual car wash - approx. 1-2 hours of labor - can cost you around 20 AED.

In other words, you could get almost two manual car washes for the price of a Big Mac.

robkop 1/2/2026|||
Can you elaborate? I would have thought the main driver for the price of a service is the labor?
Cyph0n 1/2/2026||
You essentially have two stratums of society:

(1) the middle class (and above) who have money to spend on services

(2) the migrant working class, the bulk of whom send every last extra penny back home as remittances to support family

The second class of people are not considered as a market for the majority of services in the UAE. In the case of food, when they do eat out, they frequent traditional, low cost/quality establishments.

As for why a Big Mac costs that much, labor definitely doesn’t have much to do with it. My impression is that prices continued to get pushed up as long as sales didn’t take a hit, which means it’s mostly pure profit.

Keep in mind that the median salary isn’t that high. Without looking it up, I would guess it’s approx $25k USD/year, but I haven’t lived there in a while.

ineedaj0b 1/2/2026|||
You can probably get that here in the US near a high school during team sports donation times.

Not a great car wash but probably $5-10 on the low end.

One should be uncomfortable the Arab States are doing so well. They have no democracy but seem to be thriving. Not expected post 9/11 imo.

Cyph0n 1/2/2026||
Why should one feel uncomfortable?
ben_w 1/2/2026||
To the extent that a dictatorship is doing well, it is evidence against the idea that democracy is the natural way to have a good economy.

That said, I don't think those states are doing *well enough* to justify such a fear. What we're looking at from the outside are basically the promo reels from a version of Disney Land made for people whose childhood dream wasn't to be a princess or a knight, but a CEO with a Lambo; what the kids see when they visit Disney has little in common with the effort needed to present the park.

maxglute 1/2/2026|||
AKA the most sensible economic model for Dubai. It's a nice enough metropolis for the desert, entices enough high end talent to live there to supplement frankly undereducated population a few generations away from nomads, and locals are comfy. What else they going to do with oil money in the desert.

They're just arbitraging cheap labour in your face instead of some farm field or factory overseas. For resource to local population ratio, it's supremely optimized - cheap migrant workforce does all the shit job locals don't want to do, don't have the numbers to do, without need for onerous social safety net of citizenship.

It's economically "fine", as in as "fine" as can be trying to pivot desert city from oil. It's morally broken because labours occasionally be slaves, even though largely everyone wins. UAE gets cheap labour, labour countries get remittance, labourers get life changing pay.

Like west already does this shit in some sectors (agri) and get cheap calories, UAE can't supply enough labour in all sectors and get cheap everything.

SamDc73 1/2/2026||||
> Dubai has a lower median wage than either London or Mississippi, but people don't think of it as economically broken.

Dubai isn’t sold as a place to belong long-term. Most people move there knowing it’s temporary. The Bay Area is drifting in the same direction too with the increased cost of living around here. (but the same could be said about most big cities, maybe?)

kortilla 1/1/2026|||
If this was meant to be a rebuttal, it wasn’t.

Compare the housing costs of London to the housing costs of San Francisco and then swap out those Bay Area salaries with your “slightly above Mississippi” wages and you’ll see why London looks so broken to people used to LA/SF/NY.

verbify 1/2/2026||
The median home price in San Francisco is $1.5m. In London it's $893,000. These are not comparable places.

San Francisco is much much more expensive, I'm not sure why that means London is "broken". It's just got a different economic dynamic.

pron 1/1/2026|||
London doesn't have the income level of Mississippi, although that might be true for the UK average. I'd say that the UK may be "seriously broken", but not more so than other post-industrial countries, including the US (or France, or Japan). It's just broken in different ways. E.g. life expectancy in the UK is significantly higher than in America even though they were the same in the '80s. Education levels (and measures such as literacy profficiency and skills etc.) are also significantly better in the UK than in the US. Somewhat tongue in cheek, Americans are richer but they don't seem to be putting their money to good use, as Brits are better educated and live longer.
xixixao 1/1/2026|||
There are differences, but this is oversimplified, and market is “mostly” working. You need more money in California, for transportation, for health care. The standard is bigger houses (bigger everything) in Cali. Life might be richer, in some ways more pleasant, in London (it’s not weather though), including shorter flights to many interesting places.

From my experience the ratio of savings was similar, but the ppp of course favored US for absolute numbers.

bix6 1/1/2026|||
House prices are out of wack anywhere desirable because the local income is irrelevant when non-locals are allowed to scoop up the local supply.
socalgal2 1/1/2026|||
This is a common opinion that never actually matches the facts.

The issue is all the things blocking supply. As long as supply is blocked, prices will go up, Period

amelius 1/1/2026|||
But why allow e.g. Chinese investors to buy property in SF if they aren't even going to live there?
socalgal2 1/2/2026|||
1. It's only an investment because of limited supply.

2. Chinese investors buying up and not living there is effectively a myth. There just are aren't very many of them.

3. What's special about "Chinese"? If a rich NYC finance person buys a vacation home in SF is that ok? How about a Brit or German?

t43562 1/2/2026||
The supply may be limited because the people who own property want it to remain so.
cycrutchfield 1/1/2026|||
Do they pay property taxes?
fragmede 1/2/2026|||
In California? With prop 13? Hardly.

We invented money as a way of distributing scares resources. When there is housing going empty while people live on the streets in tents with no running water, no electricity, no sewage, one has to realize that something's gone wrong.

cycrutchfield 1/2/2026||
I don’t think you understand how prop 13 works
CalRobert 1/2/2026||
The slow phase-out of prop 13 was voted in a couple years ago so it should become less relevant over time.
amelius 1/1/2026|||
Maybe but that will certainly not bring down prices for the average US citizen looking for a home.
cycrutchfield 1/2/2026||
Why not?
shimman 1/1/2026||||
House prices are only "out of wack" in areas with poor social housing programs.

Housing in Vienna is still affordable, only due to their very successful public housing programs. Public housing can be both beautiful and highly affordable if you want it to be, it's not like we don't know how to make good quality homes with lovely public amenities. It's mostly developers that want to skim on everything while selling it at the highest cost possible.

Poor system if this is the outcome: unaffordability.

hdgvhicv 1/2/2026|||
How does Vienna ration housing - social or otherwise - if not via price?
ben_w 1/2/2026||
Your reply suggests you're thinking inside a very strange (to me) box.

Have you considered… not rationing housing?

As in, you can actually pay people to build more houses, houses are not a fixed resource. Likewise roads, schools, shopping centres etc., they're all things you can just pay to get built. Only thing a little harder amongst the usual talking points is hospitals, but that's because medical qualifications take so long, not because you can't do it.

hdgvhicv 1/2/2026||
Except we know it’s not possible to just provide the required supply
ben_w 1/2/2026||
On the contrary, we have plenty of historical examples where we did exactly that.

Home construction per year over in the last century in the UK: https://fullfact.org/economy/house-building-england/

And Germany since 1950: https://www.dba-bau.com/news/seit-1950-wurden-in-der-bundesr...

Note they were higher in the past.

lifeisstillgood 1/1/2026|||
I am interested in what is working in Vienna when “housing problem” is what almost every city in “the West” has or thinks it has.

To me it seems to be a combination of

- wealth inequality (eg 20/30 trillion dollars was printed and furloughed out in Covid, which funnels its way up to the holders of the most assets, seeing asset price inflation but no attempt to tax back the money printed). Repeat on different scales for unfair tax systems and poor infrastructure and and and

- urban planning (we think the ideal city is dense using seven storey or so apartment buildings and fairly aggressive anti-car (ie far less parking than seems possible) with better public transport and lots of pedestrian access. This describes almost no cities

- mortgages and other pro house incentives. You want house price inflation for decade after decade, just allow people to borrow a greater ratio against their salary — and allow married women into the workplace. Suddenly turning a mortgage limit of 2.5 x a man’s salary into 5x a dual couples salary. People bid up prices, forcing more couples to have two salaries to compete. And companies don’t have to increase salary to compensate … people combine salaries and go deeper into debt. Hell if you only had one policy weapon, forcing 2.5 borrowing against one highest paid persons salary is not a bad one. You won’t get re-elected however.

fhsm 1/2/2026|||
I don’t follow it but your last suggestion (use single income not household) was new to me and interesting in as much as it seems like an obvious extension of “The Two-Income Trap” thinking.

To some extent seems like it would also provide a margin of safety given homogeneity effects eg https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-pa...

tacker2000 1/2/2026|||
1/3 of the housing stock in Vienna is social housing which belongs to and is managed by the city.

They offer low rents and therefore a large part of tenants dont compete on the private market, therefore pulling overall rents lower.

lifeisstillgood 1/2/2026||
ChatGPT with no deeper diving thinks you are further off “”” Social/public rental makes up about 43% of the city’s housing stock; around half of that is city-owned public housing. The rest includes limited-profit housing associations and private housing.

“”” This compares with London around 20%, paris 24% and NYC 9%

So yeah that makes a huge difference…

yunnpp 1/1/2026||||
Countries like Indonesia have banned foreigners from owning land altogether. You can apparently still own property through land-lease agreements and other arrangements, but not the land. I think they've cracked down on illegal rentals too.
carlosjobim 1/1/2026|||
Real estate prices are out of whack everywhere. Even in places with no good jobs, low population density, and rapid depopulation, real estate prices are increasing exponentially. There are no market forces in play anymore.
hdgvhicv 1/2/2026||
House prices in the U.K. have remained roughly the same multiple of wages as they have been since about 2005. That’s not really exponential growth.
kubb 1/1/2026|||
Nobody will admit that the housing is overpriced, so they would have to be forced to do so.

This is terrible for normal people, and slightly bad for the investors, but only a crisis or organized government action can reset the damage done by decades of investment in already existing buildings.

The former is much more likely to happen.

i_love_retros 1/1/2026|||
Yes but London isn't in America so there's that.

Have you lived in the UK at all, or at least spent considerable time there?

I've lived in the UK and America, and America seems far more broken to me.

zeroonetwothree 1/2/2026||
I’ve lived in an actual “broken” country. Compared to that both the US and UK are great.
overfeed 1/2/2026||
I don't think Four-Yorkshiremen-style one-upmanship[1] this discussion adds anything meaningful to the conversation around comparing US/China/Europe

1. https://youtu.be/ue7wM0QC5LE

DicIfTEx 1/2/2026|||
> I always reflect on the energy generation statistics of the UK per capita

Can you elaborate on this?

From what I can tell, the UK's per-capita electricity generation has dropped steadily from a 2003 high[0] (4,069 kWh in 2024, 6,657 in 2003, 5,266 in 1985) and per-capita energy consumption has been going down since 2005,[1] but energy intensity (read: inverse of efficiency) has been decreasing consistently since at least 1965.[2] Domestic electricity production is down 24% since 2000,[3] whilst imports (which I don't think includes Albanians) are up 206% in the same period.[4]

That all reads to me as a country whose domestic generation has been replaced by imports and whose consumption has been reduced by efficiency gains, but I'm aware that I'm conflating figures here for 'energy' and for solely 'electricity'; I couldn't find anything for per-capita energy generation, as you specified.

[0]: https://ourworldindata.org/profile/energy/united-kingdom#in-...

[1]: https://ourworldindata.org/profile/energy/united-kingdom#wha...

[2]: https://ourworldindata.org/profile/energy/united-kingdom#ene...

[3]: https://www.iea.org/countries/united-kingdom/electricity#whe...

[4]: https://www.iea.org/countries/united-kingdom/electricity#whe...

klysm 1/1/2026|||
Income and wealth inequality! I don’t see a way out for the UK
turbonaut 1/1/2026|||
Median wealth per adult in the UK is 176k. In the US it is only 124k.

Source: UBS Global Wealth Report 2025

Of course US does has a much higher mean wealth…

hdgvhicv 1/2/2026|||
The wealth inequality in the U.K. is very genratioanly skewed, mainly from the source of that wealth (housing and final salary pensions) which is no longer available to younger people.
elevatortrim 1/2/2026||||
Would you mind telling me if you are a genuine person who lived in the UK, or at least have some knowledge of the country beyond recent tweets?

Honestly I am shocked at the recent rise of anti-UK comments with horribly incorrect information or skewed views and curious about what is sourcing this.

specproc 1/1/2026|||
[flagged]
lithocarpus 1/1/2026|||
Not disagreeing but also I wonder how it compares to inequality in Britain before the US was a thing.
specproc 1/1/2026||
The core issue is that most major businesses are ultimately owned directly or indirectly abroad, largely in America, with some tapping by London-based intermediaries.

Supermarkets and shopping centres, national assets (e.g., water) the story is the same. Then there's Amazon et al.

Profit generated in this country is by and large not spent here, and is certainly not taxed adequately.

This causes inequality by short-circuiting redistributive measures, either local economic multipliers or government spending.

What gains are felt are concentrated in service sectors which facilitate global capital, concentrated in London. See OP's thoughts on legalistic societies.

It compares to inequality in England before the US was a thing, in the same way. Small elite benefiting from global plunder, vast inequality internally.

The British Empire didn't actually end. There was a hostile takeover by Washington at the end of WW2.

nradov 1/1/2026||||
The UK is already close to the USA on obesity rates and catching up fast.
01284a7e 1/1/2026||||
Meh. Everywhere has foreign investment. The economic elite of the UK owns the US as well.
cindyllm 1/1/2026|||
[dead]
jemmyw 1/1/2026|||
> while in the US you see automated car washes, in the uk most car washes are Albanians n other immigrants etc

Er what? I moved away from the UK in 2007 but even then the only place I or my parents washed a car was the ubiquitous petrol station automated car wash.

basisword 1/1/2026|||
No idea where OP is based but like most suggestions about the UK or London online it's bullshit. Most petrol stations have the same automated car washes they've always had. If you want your car hand washed there are lots of people doing that too, as there always have been. Like all places, the UK and/or London has plenty of issues including serious ones - but I'd still pick it over anywhere in the US regardless of salary differences.
hereonout2 1/1/2026||
Conversely, I've no idea where you or the parent has the idea that the UK is full of automated car washes and the OP is talking bullshit. I live in London and can think of a only a handful of the old fashioned automatic car washes.

Whereas I can get a hand carwash at pretty much any supermarket car park I land on. From a guy with a bucket and trolley to a full team of four going at it with a power wash. Tesco, Sainsbury's, wherever.

The Albanian angle feels loaded, but it's true that many of the employees do seem to be recent immigrants.

I don't see much point denying this reality, it feels a bit like trying to argue there's always been high streets full of betting shops, charity shops, vape stores and American candy shops.

basisword 1/1/2026|||
London is an odd one as space is limited and the hand wash places can pop up anywhere quite easily. If I look at the more suburban place I'm from most petrol stations still have the automated ones (contactless payment now instead of the tokens). And most of the larger supermarkets there that have petrol stations still have the automated car washes too.
pertymcpert 1/2/2026||
I know exactly what they're talking about and I lived in another city in the UK (not close to London). It's a thing.
hdgvhicv 1/2/2026|||
London is a small part of the U.K. with a below average number of cars. It’s an anomaly compared to the 85% of the U.K. which is normal.
hereonout2 1/1/2026||||
Is it that unimaginable things might have changed in the almost two decades since you left?
jemmyw 1/2/2026|||
Yes, it is unimaginable that the UK has replaced most of their automated car washes with immigrants washing cars manually. I've been back there and I've still family there, it's not that different "on the ground" as it were, despite the big political changes.
elevatortrim 1/2/2026|||
It did not, all the automatic washes are there.

I can see the reason why people see it this way though. For £20, you can have 4-5 people getting your car into the best state it can be in under 20 minutes. I would even say it is a joy to watch them work so efficiently.

Most people prefer that over automatic car washes, so after some point, while the automatic washes are there, you become blind to them.

twic 1/2/2026|||
Bear in mind that it's much, much harder to launder money through an automated car wash.
whyleyc 1/1/2026|||
I live in the UK now, have done for 40+ years and there are (still) automated car washes everywhere.
drcongo 1/1/2026|||
I can only think of one automated wash in my UK town, and well over 10 "Albanian" hand washes. Personally I go to the Albanians every time - they take pride in what they're doing, handle the vehicle with care and do a far, far better job than an auto wash.
Nextgrid 1/2/2026||
[flagged]
ben_w 1/2/2026|||
I'm British by birth, lived there until 2018. I've also visited Kenya and Switzerland and the US.

Kenya's actually third-world. Was playing a card game with my partner and family in a gas station in Nairobi when sparks started flying out of the outdoor lighting system covering the forecourt roof. Place I was staying, there was a power cut that meant the water pump couldn't keep the taps and toilet pressurised. The fancier toilets in the shopping mall, the paper was outside the cubical because it cost too much to not be a theft target if it was inside; other places, squat toilets. Public transport included a Matatu, kind of a hybrid of a bus and a taxi, very cheap but it was also a minivan that only moved when full, and "full" meant about as many people as would physically fit given they'd replaced the cargo area with another two benches and everyone was squeezed in. I didn't visit the actual slums, which are (from the pictures I've seen) much worse.

Switzerland… the discount food is priced like Waitrose. In this regard, it's a bit like America. But American discount food has the quality of Poundland, while Swiss discount food has the quality of Sainsbury's.

The UK is much better put together than Kenya. It is much cheaper than Switzerland or the US.

elevatortrim 1/2/2026|||
As a person who moved from a third world country to UK, this could not be further from the truth. Life in the UK, both economically and socially, is miles better than my previous 3rd world country (which is still in world top 20 GDP).
pityJuke 1/1/2026||
As someone unfamiliar with the author, I had a deep amount of cynicism for the length of this piece... but damn, it's good, top to bottom.
nozzlegear 1/1/2026||
I agree. At first I briefly skimmed it and thought it was going to be a puff piece on China's AI efforts (unfair of me), but a couple paragraphs caught me and I read the whole thing. I'm glad I did.
andrepd 1/2/2026||
Hard disagree. How many paragraphs of fawning over the unique culture of the Bay Area must I endure before he arrives at the point?

Such gems as

> I like SF house parties, where people take off their shoes at the entrance and enter a space in which speech can be heard over music, which feels so much more civilized than descending into a loud bar in New York. It’s easy to fall into a nerdy conversation almost immediately with someone young and earnest.

strange_quark 1/2/2026|||
The next sentence is “The Bay Area has converged on Asian-American modes of socializing”

As if there is a single Asian-American culture and no Asian-Americans like going out to bars…

The whole piece is littered with weird over generalizations over huge and diverse groups of people.

exceptione 1/2/2026||
It happens with more authors. Blogging and self-promotion on social media easily leads to fast and sensational "insights". It is fast food: feels good, easily digestible, way better than a thorough study involving the required ifs-and-buts and the hard work of trying to find blind spots in one's own perspective.

The latter profile isn't suitable for short content bites and doesn't sell to a large audience. The former does, but comes with a cost only the uninformed aren't aware of.

I can sympathize with that though. Non-fiction in general is a hard sell.

UncleMeat 1/2/2026||||
Yep. This is Jeff Foxxworthy level social analysis.
senordevnyc 1/2/2026|||
Just quoting a paragraph means nothing, what’s the actual problem you have here?

I’ve lived in both SF and now NYC, and that characterization is painting with a broad brush, but isn’t ridiculous.

ChrisMarshallNY 1/2/2026||
> If the Bay Area once had an impish side, it has gone the way of most hardware tinkerers and hippie communes.

Woz had that (still does). He was smart enough to take his winnings and bail. I think that many in SV can't fathom why, but I suspect I know exactly why.

I do remember the tech community as being full of humor and whimsy. I miss that.

ksec 1/1/2026||
In the thread "Roomba maker goes bankrupt, Chinese owner emerges" [1], I wrote about China'a hardware capability now going far beyond what US can imagine. In Dan's article;

>A rule of thumb is that it takes five years from an American, German, or Japanese automaker to dream up a new car design and launch that model on the roads; in China, it’s closer to 18 months.

Not only is China 3 - 5 times faster in terms of product launches, they would have launch it with a production scale that is at least double the output of other auto marker. If you were to put capacity into the equation as well, China is an order of magnitude faster than any competing countries, at half the cost if not even lower.

Every single year since 2022 China has added more solar power capacity than the entire US solar capacity. And they are still accelerating, with the current roadmap and trend they could install double the entire US solar power capacity in a single year by 2030.

CATL's Sodium Ion Battery is already in production and will be used by EVs and large scale energy storage by end of this year. The cost advantage of these new EV would mean there is partially zero chance EU can compete. And if EU are moaning about it now, they cant even imagine what is coming.

Thanks to AI pushing up memory and NAND price. YMTC and CXMT now have enough breathing room to catch up. If they play this right, I wont be surprised by 2035 30 - 40% of DRAM and NAND will be made by the two Chinese firms. Although judging from their past execution record I highly doubt this will happen, but expect may be 10-15% maximum.

Beyond tech, there are also other part of manufacturing that China has matched or exceeded rest of the world without being noticed by many. Lab Grown Diamond, Cosmetic Production, Agricultural Machinery, Reinforced glass etc. Their 10 years plan on agricultural improvement also come to fruition especially in terms of fruit and veg. I wont be surprised if they no long need US soy bean within 10 years time.

All in all a lot of things in China has passed escape velocity and there is no turning back. China understand US better than US understand themselves, and US doesn't even have any idea about China. I think the quote from the article sums this up pretty well.

"Beijing has been preparing for Cold War without eagerness for waging it, while the US wants to wage a Cold War without preparing for it.".

[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46273326

dworks 1/2/2026||
Whenever the topic of "China Speed" comes up, I feel the need to add that speed is not a strategy but an outcome of the previous four decades of relentless hard work: https://dilemmaworks.com/on-china-speed
jjcc 1/2/2026|||
That's a very important point that most people missed. China spent decades to achieve the current status. Especially the investment in education, i.e. Human Resource, the most effective ROI but need very long term commitment.

Western countries should do the same and do it continuously without consider the economic reward.

dworks 1/2/2026||
Indeed. What we need to do in Europe is spend the next three decades building the industrial, social, technological environment that gives China the advantages it has today, and enables "China Speed". I am worried that we will not do it until after we have gone through a deep crisis, however.
ksec 1/3/2026||
>I am worried that we will not do it until after we have gone through a deep crisis, however.

I hate to say this but this is exactly what is going to happen. And I dont see any way out of it. The same goes to UK as well. And even then I highly doubt "China Speed" will be possible. The absolute case I can see it happening is another "War", but even if speed or velocity were the same we will still lose on "scale".

I wish I am wrong.

mns 1/2/2026|||
Relentless work, or simply not caring about the people that you need to crunch in order to achieve the outcomes that you want. The western world could also build things fast again and innovate faster, we just seem to value human life a bit more now that we used to...
nradov 1/1/2026|||
China doesn't particularly need US soybeans but they're going to have to continue importing soybeans from somewhere (like Brazil or Canada) indefinitely. Like any commodity, soybeans are (somewhat) fungible. China doesn't have the right combination of arable land and cheap fertilizer necessary to be self-sufficient in soy at an economically viable cost. Of course, China's population is now declining so ironically that could increase their food security in a few decades.
maxglute 1/1/2026||
Along ops reasoning, PRC will find domestic slop to feed pigs. There's already soybean replacement program in the pipelines, i.e. synthetic science + cheap power = future industrial substitutes. Because soybean conundrum is arable land (all sorts of soybean yield, lack of GMO, small plot farmer complexity mixed in), but pork prices fall under broad food (national) security so expect autarky > comparative advantage / cost when domestic pipeline in place. Like there's no reason for PRC to pay US soybean premium over Brazil, but they would because economic viability not as important.

TBH Anything strategic, expect PRC to adopt energy-to-matter to substitutes when the teach stack is figured out. Or at least have as less economic backup, i.e. PRC has unlimited cheap fertilizer (was top fertilizer producer via coal gasification) just more emission heavy. They're on way to displace all oil imports with coal to olefin/liquidation and EV. HQ steel via simply hammering energy into mid ores. All signs point they're moving towards strategic domestic abundance / autarky where they can.

riku_iki 1/1/2026||
that's obvious that some country with 1.5B working people will have edge in some niches, and will demonstrate tremendous growth from the bottom where they were 20 years ago.

But for global picture, if we are comparing Western World: US+Canada+EU vs China in technological domination, the picture is likely not super-clear and more complex analysis is required. Even if we consider manufacturing output, where China is supposedly global leader, we see it is 5.5T for Western world vs 4.6T for China (according to my brief google searching).

maxglute 1/2/2026|||
The tremendous growth is still happening on sector by sector basis, and arguably west only holds edge in few extreme frontier niches while PRC increasingly dominating rest. Relevant PRC joke:

If China can't make something, it's considered high tech. Once china makes it, it's no longer high tech.

PRC makes high tech products into low margin commodities. That's what happens when they have roughly oced combined in stem talent and vast industrial base to value engineer. And most of it happened in last 15 years. The point is PRC catches up fast (including extreme frontier), and when they do, they can scale and cut margins, which is more interesting direction than west who seemingly can't. The point is that is obviously the superior dominance recipe vs west who has vanishing frontier lead that will continue to be lost because western margins is PRC opportunity. The point is when PRC makes >50% of global stuff materially but charges <50%, it's exceedingly likely that will take over everything, at PRC speed, and will not leave west any high margin, leading edge niches, unless west can learn to operate with low margins as well.

riku_iki 1/2/2026||
unfortunately, your comment consists of many loud hand-waving statements without much substance, so there is no much to discuss.

> The point is when PRC makes >50% of global stuff materially but charges <50%

and could you provide source of >50%?

maxglute 1/2/2026||
Unfortunately, your reading comprehension can't parse basic argument, so there's not much to discuss.

For >50%, pick a manufactured finished good or intermediary good like steel, electronics, solar modules, batteries, shipbuilding, xyz components, and chances are PRC produces more than 50% of it by volume/units/tonnage, but not gross/value add. For more broad proxy indicator, look at share of global export TEUs, PRC ships out like ~50% of filled containers, OCED 20%, Row 30%. Emphasis on filled, i.e. take away empty container traffic that flows back to PRC to be filled. Hence western cope is PRC export only ~30% by gross/value (both $$$ figures) that underestimate how many sectors PRC makes more than >50% stuff in while capturing <50% in $$$. And this only considering PRC only exports 20% of GDP, i.e. a lot of manufacturing stays at home.

riku_iki 1/2/2026||
So, you don't have source, this was expected.
maxglute 1/2/2026||
I'm not here to enter your lame sealioning effort for basic facts. This is 2026, you can validate claims trivially. Or you can keep demonstrating illiteracy/innumeracy, which is just as well. Audience can go through comment chain and judge argument merits / cognitive function.
riku_iki 1/2/2026||
burden of proof is on you, because you made a statement.

If you blindly trust LLMs, it explains well why you are like this..

> Audience can go through comment chain and judge argument merits / cognitive function.

or very few care about your fantasies spam lol

maxglute 1/2/2026||
I've been writing metric dense post before LLMs, and even then I don't entertain sealions who don't do their own minimal research, or demonstrate inability to. LLMs simply available now for previously lazy/cognitively inept readers to validate gist if they want. For those that have trouble with basic comprehension (i.e. can't read gud so only retort is words & numbers are fantasy spam to be handwaved without much substance), LLMs can ELI5. Reciprocally, why care about the incurious who can't be bothered to do better than 5th grader.
riku_iki 1/2/2026||
I'll skip answering your non-sense this time..
ksec 1/2/2026|||
>we see it is 5.5T for Western world vs 4.6T for China (according to my brief google searching).

I would bet the unit volume of manufacturing with those 4.6T is more than double that of 5.5T. And those 5.5T likely have some very high value, high margin leading edge equipment.

Not only is China catching up to those sectors, they are continuing their momentum to accelerate and expand in other low value market. They key here isn't to maximise profits, it is to maximise control.

If Trade is war, which is the fundamental of principle of what "Art of War" is about, then I dont see how the west could win this war without some very drastic changes.

riku_iki 1/2/2026||
> I would bet the unit volume of manufacturing with those 4.6T is more than double that of 5.5T. And those 5.5T likely have some very high value, high margin leading edge equipment.

sure, and what's your point? My opinion is that high margin leading edge equipment is more interesting direction than low cost low tech produce.

immibis 1/2/2026|||
They keep increasing and increasing the level of what they can produce. Within a couple of decades they will overtake TSMC, ASML, etc. If you're thinking about how the west still does all the design, they will produce their own computer architectures (Loongarch is outpacing RISC-V) and chips and operating systems. IIRC they're now able to make their own chips and chip-making equipment at a decade-old technology level and that's rapidly catching up.
snvzz 1/2/2026|||
>Loongarch is outpacing RISC-V

Not really, unless you mean in performance of available chips.

Notably, Loongarch and the company behind it have been around for much longer, and thus have a head start. But it is ultimately a single company's ISA.

On a grander scale, China's focus is on RISC-V.

riku_iki 1/2/2026|||
great, healthy competition is good for everyone, and it will force western companies innovate harder.
ksec 1/3/2026|||
>sure, and what's your point?

You may want to reread what I wrote.

They key here isn't to maximise profits, it is to maximise control.

riku_iki 1/3/2026||
Maximising control over low margin low tech niches sounds like losing strategy.
strange_quark 1/1/2026||
> I believe that Silicon Valley possesses plenty of virtues. To start, it is the most meritocratic part of America.

Oh come on, this is so untrue. Silicon Valley loves credentialism and networking, probably more than anywhere else. Except the credentials are the companies you’ve worked for or whether you know some founder or VC, instead of what school you went to or which degrees you have.

I went to a smaller college that the big tech firms didn’t really recruit from. I spent the first ~5 years of my career working for a couple smaller companies without much SV presence. Somehow I lucked into landing a role at a big company that almost everyone has definitely heard of. I didn’t find my coworkers to necessarily be any smarter or harder working than the people I worked with previously. But when I decided it was time to move on, companies that never gave me the time of day before were responding to my cold applies or even reaching out to _me_ to beg me to interview.

And don’t get me started on the senior leadership and execs I’ve seen absolutely run an entire business units into the ground and lose millions of dollars and cost people their jobs, only to “part ways” with the company, then immediately turn around and raise millions of dollars from the same guys whose money they just lost.

usui 1/1/2026||
I guess I'll ask since you strongly disagree and ignoring the fact this is very reductionist: In your opinion, what is the most meritocratic part of America?
fhsm 1/1/2026|||
Isn’t the obvious answer that many would refute the premise of meaningful regional variation? In which case the claim isn’t that somewhere else is that place but rather than all places are substantially equivalent on this difficult to measure concept (or difference is unknown).
UncleMeat 1/2/2026|||
Meritocracy is not a single thing. Regions do not have a uniform relationship with merit, as they are made of many different communities all living amongst each other. "Which is the most meritocratic part of America" is not even an especially meaningful question.
fastball 1/1/2026|||
Judging you based on the work you've done seems... very meritocratic to me?
flumpcakes 1/1/2026|||
I think the OP was making the point that it isn't meritocratic, at least that is how it read to me: they thought people where not meaningfully different in skill level (the people at the exclusive company being comparable to everywhere else) and that where you worked was the new way to find the 'in' people, rather than what university you graduated from (saying they had job offers based purely on getting the job at the exclusive company).

You could argue that getting a job at X or Y company by itself conveys some level of skill - but if we are honest, that is just version of saying you went to Harvard.

There's lots of cliques everywhere in life, and various ways to show status, SV is definitely not immune to that.

fastball 1/1/2026||
Yes, that is what OP is saying, I'm just not very convinced. Primarily because his sample size is quite small – he says the people in his smaller, non-SV jobs were just as competent as those in the SV company, but that could mean a number of things that are not "SV isn't meritocratic". For example, it could just be that his previous colleagues were more competent than the actual national/global average, which seems probable.
NooneAtAll3 1/2/2026||||
meritocratic means "judgement on merit (aka skill)"

and the story told is "no judgement on skill, only on being in-group. It's just the in-group is caused by previous employment and not birth-right/nationality/etc"

fastball 1/2/2026||
Previous employment isn't an "in-group", it's an endorsement of your skill (assuming your references pass muster).
NooneAtAll3 1/2/2026||
it's the same endorsement of skill as a university diploma nowadays - not correlated in the slightest

surviving a startup says a lot more about skill than going through employee churn of some bigname corp

fastball 1/2/2026||
Personally I don't think it is the same as employment + reference. Imo it is fairly easy to game university and get a good degree from a "top" school without actually learning that much at all. Harder to get a good work reference if you don't deliver at your job.
UncleMeat 1/2/2026|||
"Where you have worked" and "what you have done" are different things.
152334H 1/1/2026||
note that the first chunk of the piece spends time to analogize SV to the CCP, in terms of its willingness to take attacks (of humor).

So, for your quote, a skeptical interpretation of the text may assert the author was merely praising SV in the same fashion one might appraise the party.

url00 1/1/2026||
As often the case with Dan's letters, a well balanced take on many issues. I particularly appreciated the thoughts on AI and (what I read) the undertone of infrastructure being the real differentiator between the US effort and China. We'll see how it plays out this year. "May you live in exciting times" etc.
siavosh 1/1/2026||
I read the whole post. Really revealing - so much analysis but not a single mention of a global system that is reaching a singularity in wealth concentration, and maybe how that might be an important dimension to reflect on. Its like using so many words to deeply analyze the speed differentials in a car race, but not looking up to see that all the drivers are racing towards a brick wall.
gen220 1/2/2026||
Sometimes I wonder if our system evolved the discipline of economics as an incredibly expensive intellectual distraction to pacify the petit bourgeois.

We can read Dan Wang and Tyler Cowen and whoever else to educate ourselves on the idea that {interests aligned with the further concentration of capital} are the real reason why we the people of the middle class can’t afford to buy a home, and actually you should be grateful you have antibiotics and shelf-stable, flavorless tomatoes and Instagram Reels. Your forebears were not so lucky!

jdross 1/2/2026||
You can’t afford to buy a home because the current owners vote to restrict new housing through zoning and expensive regulation on construction permitting, so supply is limited in the places you’re trying to live (a higher income region?).

The government also subsidized mortgages for the prior generation to increase asset values and now that time is up. Subsidized demand = inflation

Finally, you likely want a bigger house than your parents had. And most people want it to be in the cooler area, not somewhere in Iowa where schools are great but restaurants and non-remote jobs are lacking

Animats 1/2/2026|||
> And most people want it to be in the cooler area, not somewhere in Iowa where schools are great but restaurants and non-remote jobs are lacking

This is a fundamental problem. People in big cities are on average richer. That's not just a US thing. People in a Tier 1 city in China have a substantially higher standard of living than people in lower tier cities. There is a very real hierarchy.[1] City tier is determined by size, not income, but income tracks size.

This is the phenomenon that induces over-concentration. Go to the big city and make your fortune, or at least find enough scraps to keep you alive. That's why US homelessness is a rich city thing.

Figuring out how to make mid-sized cities, at the 0.5M to 1M population level work, is something the US currently is not doing well. Those cities have housing, but not jobs.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_city_tier_system

gen220 1/2/2026|||
Supply and demand doesn’t just work in terms of raw housing supply, but in terms of housing that is “on the market”, which is a critical distinction that economists’ arguments deliberately ignore.

In my parents’ generation, it used to be that if you moved or stopped living in a house, you would sell the house in location A and buy a house in location B. Today this would be considered a critical wealth-building error / faux pas. Widespread absenteee landlordism is a new phenomenon, and the fact that we allow it to exist is a de novo policy decision constructed to inflate property value (similar to the subsidized mortgages you referenced).

The reason housing is so unaffordable in my city is not because there isn’t enough housing for the people who live here, it’s because I (along with countless other professionals) am given a choice between subsidizing the lifestyle of somebody who literally doesn’t live here if I’m living in old housing stock, or I’m subsidizing the unavoidably high cost of developing new property (and the lifestyle of property developers) if I’m living in new housing stock.

If the balance of households renting vs owning were inverted, housing would be more affordable. I agree that subsidized mortgages helped create this beast. But the superset problem is the financialization of housing, that the American dream stopped being about the picket fence and started being about securing a passive income / rent-seeking on that picket fence. There are many policies that contributed to this problem.

No mainstream economists touch this problem because we’ve become a country of rent-seeking. So right-leaning economists will say we just need to relax regulation (read: increase the profit margin of property developers) and liberal economists will say we need more “affordable housing” (read: remove more housing stock from the market, for the benefit of a few lucky souls), while neither addresses the core problem of putting median housing titles in the hands of median people, which was perfectly normal from the 50s-80s, before our current system crystallized.

In our current system, building marginal housing and reducing regulation more benefits capital (the top 1% of asset holders; the property developers and the people who can afford to subsidize their profits), not the people who actually live here.

ehfeng 1/2/2026||
Emotionally, I agree that the current system sucks. But how exactly do you "[put] median housing titles in the hands of median people"? Government seizure and redistribution of property titles? That's where I always get stuck: criticizing society ills is much easier than proposing concrete, pass-able policy.

"No mainstream economists touch this problem" because it's a damn hard problem without painless solutions.

gen220 1/2/2026||
I mean the problem will solve itself eventually. As wealth continues to centralize and urbanization continues unchecked, the “renter” voting block will eventually be state-level majorities in places like New York and California.

There are plenty of ways for people to “vote themselves” property, whether it happens peacefully or not is a decision of those in power. The spectrum runs from land value tax to punitive landlord taxes, improving tenant rights, squatter rights, and outright seizure.

I don’t know which path we’ll go down, but some step in that direction feels inevitable within the next 60 years.

Animats 1/2/2026|||
US Per-capita real income tracked productivity growth until about 1975. After that, productivity continued to climb, but per-capita real income did not. This is why life sucks worse than it used to for everybody but the top 10%.

With AI coming along, productivity is about to get another boost. Maybe a big boost. But will most people benefit from it? Under capitalism as currently implemented, no. That's the meaning of Sam Altman's “I think that AI will probably, most likely, sort of lead to the end of the world. But in the meantime, there will be great companies created with serious machine learning.”

Universal basic income is not the answer. That's welfare 2.0, leading to high-rises of useless people. Altman doesn't have the answer. Wang doesn't have the answer. They both see the problem coming but suggest no viable solutions.

This is a problem.

[1] https://www.epi.org/productivity-pay-gap/

siavosh 1/2/2026||
I agree. The center of capitalism may have shifted to China, but they'll have to deal with (are already) dealing with the same problems and it'll probably happen even faster for them. Instability in the system is only overshadowed by the growing instability in peoples lives. I think most people feel this and the discourse has fundamentally shifted in the west, but these are tectonic and unpredictable forces.

A parting thought: from a geo-political perspective, I understand the purpose of essays like this but like I said I think its losing the forrest for the trees and at great risk.

maxglute 1/2/2026||
Consider PRC has 90%+ home ownership rate and declining population, i.e. almost every person in PRC is functionally going to inherit a house, likely multiple, the floor for stability is going to be much higher. This is not west where high % of population is one paycheck away from eviction. Worst case scenario for PRC youth is to have roof over head. Worst case scenario for PRC elderly is they die 100s of times more materially affluent than any past Chinese. VS west deals with onerous social safety nets that's increasingly unsustainable, old gen will lose benefits while new gens finance and live worse off then old gens... because everything is financialized, something CCP very keen to guard against... because it regulates capitalism. IMO very different scale instability to govern for.
Uhhrrr 1/1/2026|||
A wealth singularity is not obvious at all to me, perhaps you should write an essay about it.
ineedaj0b 1/2/2026|||
those articles were written a plenty about the Davos Elite - even precovid. It’s a tad lazy now.

Sure there was some evidence of wealth concentration mattering. But there was also evidence against it (like Jack Ma). Power is still the ring to kiss.

And hopefully it’s very understood to the parent comment and agreers, wealth creation is not zero sum. When something new is created the pie gets bigger. All wealth inequality discourse is driven by that misunderstanding and a lack of building more homes https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429212...

Maybe your brick wall is the singularity instead and I misread you but I don’t think so.

exceptione 1/2/2026||
> wealth creation is not zero sum.

Entirely not the point. We know that monopolies and wealth _concentration_ reinforce each other, at the cost of wealth creation.

Every time a monopoly buys a company, a chance of competition gets eliminated. As monopolist have enough money to buy the government by regulatory capture or even state capture, competition cannot grow, stifling innovation and growth. Parasitism is the most apt way to understand, because the host will wither away from it.

ineedaj0b 1/2/2026||
I agree we should be busting more monopolies in the vein of Teddy Roosevelt, but you are forgetting the monopolies and capture political parties have on the states themselves.

I know its a hot issue and I apologize, but if you look at Minnesota with its likely fraud: would their social welfare program numbers look better without the fraud? Could California be run better without its (also likely) welfare fraud? You might really want this but the leadership doesn't want to root it out. So you're left with voting for the opposition but how many want to do that? Nothing happens.

There's no competition in politics. It's two parties or nothing right now.

There's Californian billionaires who loudly hate the Government but can't get anything to change. I feel you are overestimating wealth's influence too some degree as well.

UncleMeat 1/2/2026|||
No surprise that the author is at the Hoover.
Barrin92 1/2/2026||
>but not a single mention of a global system that is reaching a singularity in wealth concentration

that's not the case though and Dan is implicitly addressing this given that China is the subject of a decent chunk of the letter. Wealth in the global system is much more evenly distributed these days. We're much closer to a multi-polar world than we used to be in a long time. A lot of the emerging economies are building middle classes of serious size, it's a whole other world compared to 20 to 30 years ago. The developed world's been mostly stable inequality wise, the only outlier being tech oligarchs in the US but that's hardly a defining feature of the global system.

But globally we're likely living now in the first time in human history when the median human is going to see a drastic increase in their fortunes.

https://ourworldindata.org/the-history-of-global-economic-in...

RagnarD 1/1/2026|
To my surprise I found myself reading the entire rather long piece. His thoughts on AI, San Francisco, China, and other topics, are well worth the time.
dalyons 1/2/2026|
Agreed! He’s a great writer stylistically and w.r.t information density.
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